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%%%  filename        = "l3d001.tex",
%%%  archived        = "ctan:/tex-archive/info/ltx3pub/",
%%%  author          = "Frank Mittelbach and Chris Rowley",
%%%  doc-group       = "Project core team",
%%%  title           = "The {\LaTeX3} Project",
%%%  version         = "1.03",
%%%  date            = "21 December 1994",
%%%  time            = "11:58:58 GMT",
%%%  status          = "public, official",
%%%  abstract        = "This is a brief sketch of the \LaTeX3
%%%                     Project: background, history, principles,
%%%                     aims and functionality.
%%%                     \par
%%%                     The new version of \LaTeX{} is, like the
%%%                     current version, a freely available system
%%%                     for automated processing of structured
%%%                     documents, formatting them to the highest
%%%                     typographic standards by use of the \TeX{}
%%%                     typesetting software.
%%%                     \par
%%%                     Although its uses include a very large
%%%                     range of published documents, the
%%%                     importance of its unsurpassed ability to
%%%                     format mathematical formulas will not be
%%%                     forgotten in producing the new version.
%%%                     \par
%%%                     It is being produced by an international
%%%                     group of volunteers under the technical
%%%                     direction of Frank Mittelbach.",
%%%  note            = "submitted to the Euromath bulletin",
%%%  keywords        = "",
%%%  project-address = "LaTeX3 Project            \\
%%%                     c/o Dr. Chris Rowley      \\
%%%                     The Open University       \\
%%%                     Parsifal College          \\
%%%                     Finchley Road             \\
%%%                     London NW3 7BG, England, UK",
%%%  project-tel     = "+44 171 794 0575",
%%%  project-FAX     = "+44 171 433 6196",
%%%  project-email   = "LTX3-Mgr@SHSU.edu",
%%%  copyright       = "Copyright (C) 1993 LaTeX3 Project.
%%%                     All rights reserved.
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%%% }
%%% ====================================================================
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\title{The \LaTeX3 Project}

\date{\FHuse{date}\\\FHuse{version}}

\newcommand{\makecpr}{{\rm \small \centering \copyright 1993
                         \ Frank Mittelbach and Chris Rowley\par
                         \vspace{6pt}}}

\author{Frank Mittelbach\\
Eichenweg 29 \\
W-6500 Mainz 1\\
                      Federal Redpublic of Germany\\
E-mail: {\tt mittelbach@mzdmza.zdv.uni-mainz.de}
\and
Chris Rowley\\
Open University\\
                      Walton Hall\\
                      Milton Keynes MK7 6AA\\
                      United Kingdom\\
E-mail: {\tt c.a.rowley@open.ac.uk}}

\begin{document}

\maketitle
\makecpr

\begin{abstract}
This is a brief sketch of the \LaTeX3 Project: background, history,
principles, aims and functionality.

The new version of \LaTeX{} is, like the current version, a
freely available
system for automated processing of structured
documents, formatting them to the highest typographic standards by use
of the \TeX{} typesetting software.

Although its uses include a very large range of published documents,
the importance of its unsurpassed ability to format mathematical
formulas will not be forgotten in producing the new version.

It is being produced by an international group of volunteers under
the technical direction of Frank Mittelbach.
\end{abstract}


\section{Why a new version?}

  With \TeX{}, Knuth designed a formatting system~\cite{A-W:DKn86}
that is able to produce a large range of documents typeset to
extremely high quality standards. For various reasons, including its
quality, portability, stability and availability, \TeX{} spread very
rapidly and can nowadays be best described as a world-wide de facto
standard for high quality typesetting.  Although it is most famous for
its ability to typeset mathematics, it is being used for many other
types of document, particularly those with multi-lingual requirements.


 The \TeX{} system is fully programmable. This allows the development
of high-level user interfaces whose input is processed by \TeX{}'s
interpreter to produce low-level typesetting instructions; these are
input to
\TeX{}'s typesetting engine which outputs the format of each page in a
device-independent page-description language.

Many people have made use of this powerful feature of \TeX{} and
developed their own front-ends; the most commonly used such packages
are \AmSTeX{} and \lamstex{} by Michael
Spivak~\cite{AMS:MSp90,TpC:MSp89} and \LaTeX{} by Leslie
Lamport~\cite{A-W:LLa86}. The development of \AmSTeX{} was sponsored
by the American Mathematical Society, a publishing house which now
processes and typesets the majority of its output using \TeX{}.

 The principal aim of \AmSTeX{} was to simplify the user interface to
the sophisticated built-in math-typesetting capabilities of \TeX{}.
It therefore does not provide support for certain more general
document processing requirements (such as symbolic cross-references,
automatic numbering, etc.); it is therefore most appropriate for short
articles which contain lots of formulas.

The  \LaTeX{} system, on the other hand, supports the needs of long
documents such as textbooks and manuals. It was designed to separate
content and form as much as possible by providing the user with a
generic (i.e.~logical rather than visual) markup interface; this is
combined with style files in which the formatting is specified.
Nevertheless, \LaTeX{} also provides a complete set of direct
formatting instructions; these allow the user to access the full power
of \TeX{}'s typesetting expertise when preparing the final version of
the document.

 Recent years have shown that the concepts and approach of \LaTeX{}
have become widely accepted. Indeed, \LaTeX{} has become the standard
method of communicating and publishing documents in many academic
disciplines.
This has led to many publishers accepting
\LaTeX{} source for articles and books. The American Mathematical
Society, for example, now provides a \LaTeX{} style
option~\cite{AMS:AMSLaTeX90b} which makes the math-typesetting
features of \AmSTeX{} available to users of \LaTeX{}. But the use of
\LaTeX{} in the publishing industry goes further: Elsevier Science
Publishers, for example,
are developing a system~\cite{Cork:NPo91}
which links \SGML{} (for electronic storage of documents in
databases) and \LaTeX{} (for formatting these
documents).

The use of  \LaTeX{}, together with \sgml{}, is now also spreading
into industrial environments, where the technical qualities of \TeX{}
together with the concepts of \LaTeX{} are considered a powerful
combination of great potential importance to such areas as corporate
documentation~\cite{cpc:RWo90} and database
publishing.


 With the spreading use of SGML-compliant systems, such as the Grif
editor, \LaTeX{} again is a common choice as the formatter for high
quality typeset output~\cite{embull:HLe92}.
A typical SGML Document Type Definition (DTD) uses concepts similar
to those of \LaTeX{}. Therefore, as in the Euromath system, the
formatting is often implemented by simply mapping document elements to
\LaTeX{} constructs rather than directly to `raw
\TeX'~\cite{Kluwer:EvHe90}.
This enables the sophisticated analytical and processing techniques
built in to much of the \LaTeX{} software to be exploited; and it
avoids the need to program in \TeX{}.

Such developments ensured that the uses of \LaTeX{} have become
widespread, both geographically and typographically. However, they
have also pushed the system way beyond its original intended purpose.
Moreover, as most people who have been involved in the production of
style files will agree, they have demonstrated that the current
version, whilst making the author's job easier, provides little
assistance to developers of new applications.  Thus there can be no
doubts about the need for the continued development of \LaTeX{} into a
new, improved, front-end to \TeX{}---one that will serve the
typesetting needs of the nineties and beyond---so that is what we
intend the \LaTeX3 project to provide.


\section{History}

The original goals for the development of a new version of
\LaTeX{} are described
in a paper~\cite{Stanford:MS89} presented in 1989 at the 10th annual
meeting of the \TeX{} Users Group at Stanford---it was also at this
time that Leslie Lamport expressed his full support for such a
project.
However, we have since
discovered that those original goals did not touch many of the
deficiencies of the current system.

New applications of \LaTeX{} have highlighted many
limitations of its interface (both for authors of documents and for
designers of styles); and further research on such problems
led us to the conclusion
that one gains very little by just providing more and more
specialized style files to solve this or that special problem.
This is because many of these deficiencies and limitations have their
source in \LaTeX{}'s internal concepts and
design~\cite{Stanford:MS89,cahgut:MS90,Cork:MS91}.

The most important of those original goals, and one that is still a
core part of the \LaTeX3 system and a
central concern of the project team, is the provision of a good
style design interface\Dash one that allows easy
implementation of various layouts. (Easy, of course, is relative: we
mean `as easy as possible, given the complexity of the task'.)
In order to make \LaTeX3 a fully flexible and
extensible system, a major effort is needed in the near future in
order to get this interface `right'.



\section{Aims}

The principle aims guiding our work on the project's development are
as follows.
\begin{itemize}
\item
The \LaTeX3 system will provide high quality typesetting for
a wide variety of document types and typographic requirements.
    \item For authors, it will be easy to use since it will be
highly automated, but controllable.
\item
For editors and designers, it will support the direct formatting
commands which are essential to the fine-tuning of document layout.
    \item It will process complex structured documents and
          support a document syntax that allows automatic
          translation of documents conforming to commonly used
          \SGML{} document type definitions
          into \LaTeX{} documents\Dash this syntax will therefore, for
          example, support the \SGML{} concepts of `attribute' (or
          `named argument')
          and `short reference', in such a way that these can be easily
          linked to the corresponding \SGML{} features.
\item
\LaTeX3 will be designed as an open system and,
like the present version, it will
          be usable with any standard \TeX{} system and will thus
          be available on a very wide range of platforms.

\item
     Its highly modular design will provide a system that is
flexible and extensible, with well-defined and fully documented
interfaces.

\item
     The code itself will also be thoroughly documented and the
          modular design will help to make the system
          easy to maintain and enhance.

\item
          We shall also provide extensive catalogues containing many
          examples that are carefully designed to make the learning time
          for new users (including designers, editors and programmers)
          as short as possible.

  \end{itemize}



\section{Available now!}

In some important
areas, the extra facilities of \LaTeX3 are already
available to current \LaTeX{} users.
\begin{itemize}
\item
The New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS) is now in widespread use,
providing very general and powerful tools for setting up and accessing
all available fonts. A new version (NFSS2) has recently been released,
which extends the flexibility of the system in the following areas of
font management.

\begin{itemize}
\item
 Scalable fonts, e.g., support for PostScript
fonts.
\item
Encodings, i.e., support for multilingual documents allowing change of
font encoding (code page) within a document.

\item
Math symbols, facilitating access to a wide range of symbols.

\item
Math typesetting using any suitable family of fonts, eg Lucida or
Adobe Times.

\end{itemize}

\item
  With \AmSLaTeX{}~\cite{AMS:AMSLaTeX90b}
the capabilities of \LaTeX{} for mathematical typesetting
have reached at least the standard of \AmSTeX.
\item
  Work by Frank Mittelbach and David Carlisle, together with valuable
suggestions by several
others, has made available more sophisticated tabular
processing~\cite{unp:MC92}.
\item
Various forms of multiple-column formatting are also now
available~\cite{unp:FMi92}.
\item Johannes Braams~\cite{tub:JBr93} has produced a new version of the
`Babel system' to support a wide range of languages.
\end{itemize}




\section{New features}
\LaTeX3 will provide much new and enhanced functionality in addition
to the above facilities; and its
`\LaTeX3 programming language' will enable it to be further extended
in a controlled way.

Here are further details of some of the many planned improvements.

  \begin{itemize}
    \item A robust author interface: providing interactive error
recovery linked to an on-line help system.

    \item Languages:
the typesetting will be
customisable for use with different languages
(as will the whole system, \eg the error/help components).
In particular, there will be support for mixed language documents and
for multiple languages within one paragraph to be correctly hyphenated.

    \item Table formatting: a large number of extensions in this area
will be available, including:
    \begin{itemize}
       \item multi-page tables;
       \item automated column width calculation;
       \item a variety of designs for ruled tables;
    \end{itemize}

\item Float handling:
the major problem in processing floats (\eg tables and figures)
is the precise specification of
the designer's rules concerning how to position them.  The new system
will make it possible to implement a large range of such positioning
algorithms, including the requirements of multi-column formatting,
whilst also supporting explicit positioning commands.

\item Many of the non-typesetting aspects of document
processing will be automated, providing a
flexible interface to cover a wide range of requirements and styles in
the following areas:
  \begin{itemize}
    \item citations and bibliographies;
    \item cross-references;
    \item indexing, etc.;
    \item tables of contents, etc.;
    \item multiple marks.
  \end{itemize}

\item
The enhanced functionality in the area of mathematical typesetting
will include:
     \begin{itemize}
       \item alignments in displayed formulas;
       \item alphabets, symbols, embellishments;
       \item commutative (arrow) diagrams.
    \end{itemize}
These will extend many of the features which are
already available in the current version of
\AmSLaTeX{}~\cite{AMS:AMSLaTeX90b}.

The system will also support the elements defined in the `standard SGML
DTD for mathematical expressions' which is currently under
development~\cite{embull:BSy92}.

\item The typesetting requirements of many other areas
will also be addressed---some examples:

\begin{itemize}
\item
technical documentation (\eg offset layout, change bars);
\item
academic publishing in the humanities (\eg critical text editions);
\item
structural formulas in chemistry;
\item
integration of graphical structures, including shading and colour;
\end{itemize}
  \end{itemize}


\section{Interfaces}

As we said earlier, the design specification interface is probably
the most significant single new feature of \LaTeX3. It will
have two clearly separated parts:
\begin{itemize}
\item[--]
the creation of the generic mark-up (\eg
environments) used by the author in creating the \LaTeX{}
form of the document;
\item[--]
the specification of how (in \SGML{} language) the document elements
will be formatted.
\end{itemize}
This will simplify the production of different layouts for the same
document type. It will also enable \LaTeX{} documents to be created
and modified by structured document editors, such as Arbortext
Publisher and Grif. Indeed, these two parts are direct analogues of
the following components of the Grif system: the `generic structure
definition (or S) language' and the `presentation description (or P)
language'~\cite{man:GrifL92}.

However, in order to support the requirements of high quality
typesetting, the \LaTeX3 equivalent of the P language will need to be
even richer than the Grif language.  Despite the complexity of the
task, this part of the `designer interface' will help to make the
following straightforward:
\begin{itemize}
\item     specification of a wide variety of typographic design rules;
\item     linking of the elements in a document type to the desired
          formatting;
\item     specifying and modifying all of the parameters
          that influence the layout.
\end{itemize}

Another important interface will be the \LaTeX3 programming language,
used for producing enhancements and extensions: it will be an entirely
new language based on data structures and operations suited to the
kind of programming required by document processing applications and
to the expression of visual components of the layout process.  Built
on this language there will be high-level generic functions that allow
the straightforward expression of common layout components.



\section{Resources}

The majority of the work, including conceptualisation, modelling,
prototyping, implementation and testing,
is being undertaken by a dozen individuals under the technical
direction of Frank Mittelbach.
This work is, in most cases including that of the technical director,
done entirely in their spare time and so
involves, as you can imagine, a lot of enthusiasm to keep the
project alive.
A large number of other individuals and organisations have contributed
in one way or another to the effort, and we are confident that this
number will continue to rise.

 There are, nevertheless, many other tasks still to be done in support
 of the \LaTeX3 project.  These can be worked on concurrently with the
 development of the \LaTeX3 kernel system.  Furthermore, some of these
 tasks require special expertise not found among the core programming
 team.  Initial research, analysis, and other work on these tasks by
 volunteers will, we are sure, greatly speed up the process of
 integrating a number of desirable features into \LaTeX3.

For this reason a `volunteer task list' has been set up: this
describes briefly the individual tasks, which require a wide variety
of expertise and time involvement.  It will be updated at regular
intervals and a copy is available, via anonymous {\tt ftp} from `ctan'
sites: {\tt ftp.shsu.edu}, {\tt ftp.dante.de}, {\tt ftp.tex.ac.uk}, in
the directory\\
 {\tt tex-archive/info/ltx3pub}.\\
For access via mail server, send mail to {\tt
fileserv@shsu.bitnet}, with no subject line and in the body write:
{\tt sendme vol-task}, or to {\tt mail-server@rus.uni-stuttgart.de},
with no subject line and in the body write: {\tt send
soft/tex/vol-task/vol-task.tex}.  If you are unable to retrieve a copy
via electronic networks, please contact Chris Rowley.

To provide a means of communication with a large number of \LaTeX{}
users an electronic mailing list has been installed at Heidelberg.  To
subscribe to this list send a mail message to
\email{listserv@vm.urz.uni-heidelberg.de}, with one line as the body
of the message (substituting your own names):
\begin{verbatim}
  subscribe LaTeX-L Your-first-name Your-surname
\end{verbatim}


One of the major, and growing, problems is how to bring people from
all over the world together
to discuss the open questions and find new solutions.
It is important that these meetings
involve people from outside the project since we very much
need the views and
experience of typesetters, designers, publishers, etc.\ to help
eliminate the flaws
in the system and to find new and better solutions.

We have so far held two `open workshops', in London, UK and Boston,
USA; these were hugely successful and showed that further workshops
of this kind are essential if we are to provide \LaTeX3 with a
good designer interface.

It is now clear that our ability to maintain the current progress
will depend on adequate financial support being available for the
following purposes:
\begin{itemize}
   \item enhancement of computer equipment and software for the core
         development team;
   \item purchase of books on typography and other related subjects;
   \item essential expenses (travel, accommodation, etc.) for
meetings of the project's core development team;
and also for meetings with others, for example: testers of early
versions; publishers; typographic designers; suppliers of related
         software, etc.
\end{itemize}





\section*{References and Bibliography}

This bibliography contains some items which are not specifically
referenced in this article: these contain further information about the
\LaTeX3 project. It also contains entries concerning \BibTeX, which
will be reimplemented and enhanced by Oren Patashnik for use with
\LaTeX3.


\def\section*#1{}


%\bibliographystyle{plain}
%\bibliography{string,ttn,texline,texkom,ntg,tub89,tub90,tub92%
%              ,cahgut,manual,proceed,unpubl,book,article,latex3}


\nocite{Portland:CRo92,CollegeSt:FMi90a,Cork:WM91,texkom:MR91,ttn:MR92%
        ,Lausanne:MR92,texline:FMi92,ntg:FMi92,tub:MR92,texkom:FMi92%
        ,LaTeX3:MRD92%
        ,texline:DRh91,texline:DRh90a,texline:DRh90,ttn:MCl92,ttn:AHo92}


\begin{thebibliography}{10}

\bibitem{AMS:AMSLaTeX90b}
American Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island.
\newblock {\em {\AmSLaTeX} Version 1.1 User's Guide}, December 1990.

\bibitem{tub:JBr93}
Johannes Braams
\newblock An update on the {\tt babel} system
\newblock {\em {TUG}boat}, 14, to appear 1993.

\bibitem{ttn:MCl92}
Malcolm Clark.
\newblock What is the {\LaTeX3} project?
\newblock {\em {\TeX} and {TUG} {NEWS}}, 1(1):4, February 1992.

\bibitem{man:GrifL92}
Grif S.A, St Quentin en Yvelines.
\newblock {\em Grif Languages: Grif 2.2}, 1992.

\bibitem{proc:MGu91}
Mary Guenther, editor.
\newblock {\em {\TeX} 90 Conference Proceedings}, March 1991.
\newblock Published as {TUG}boat 12\#1.

\bibitem{ttn:AHo92}
Alan Honig.
\newblock {\LaTeX3}, {TUG} and {You}.
\newblock {\em {\TeX} and {TUG} {NEWS}}, 2(1):2--4, July 1992.

\bibitem{A-W:DKn86}
Donald~E. Knuth.
\newblock Computers \&amp; {T}ypesetting. Addison-Wesley, Reading,
Massachusetts, 1986.

\bibitem{A-W:LLa86}
Leslie Lamport.
\newblock {\em {\LaTeX:} A Document Preparation System}.
\newblock Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1986.

\bibitem{embull:HLe92}
Helmut Lenzing.
\newblock The euromath project.
\newblock {\em Euromath Bulletin}, 1(1):13--20, 1992.

\bibitem{CollegeSt:FMi90a}
Frank Mittelbach.
\newblock {\LaTeX}~2.10.
\newblock In Lincoln~K. Durst, editor, {\em 1990 Conference
Proceedings}, page 444, September 1990.
\newblock Published as {TUG}boat 11\#3.

\bibitem{texline:FMi92}
Frank Mittelbach.
\newblock {\LaTeX2.09} $\to$ {\LaTeX3}.
\newblock {\em {\TeX}line}, (14):15--18, February 1992.

\bibitem{texkom:FMi92}
Frank Mittelbach.
\newblock {\LaTeX3}.
\newblock {\em Die {\TeX}nische {K}om{\"o}die}, 4(2):15--22, August
1992.

\bibitem{ntg:FMi92}
Frank Mittelbach.
\newblock {\LaTeX3} project.
\newblock {\em {\TeX} Gebruikers Group}, 92(1):87--90, May 1992.

\bibitem{unp:FMi92}
Frank Mittelbach.
\newblock The {\tt multicol} package.
\newblock Distribution of style options that allow multi-column layout
 with \LaTeX, May 1992.

\bibitem{unp:MC92}
Frank Mittelbach and David Carlisle.
\newblock The {\tt array} package.
\newblock Distribution of style options that extend \LaTeX's array and
tabular facilities, May 1992.

\bibitem{texkom:MR91}
Frank Mittelbach and Chris Rowley.
\newblock The {\LaTeX3} project fund.
\newblock {\em Die {\TeX}nische {K}om{\"o}die}, 3(4):13--15, December
1991.

\bibitem{tub:MR92}
Frank Mittelbach and Chris Rowley.
\newblock {\LaTeX209} $\to$ {\LaTeX3}.
\newblock {\em {TUG}boat}, 13(1):96--101, April 1992.

\bibitem{ttn:MR92}
Frank Mittelbach and Chris Rowley.
\newblock The {\LaTeX3} project fund.
\newblock {\em {\TeX} and {TUG} {NEWS}}, 1(1):5--6, February 1992.

\bibitem{Lausanne:MR92}
Frank Mittelbach and Chris~A. Rowley.
\newblock The pursuit of quality---how can automated typesetting
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\newblock In C.~Vanoirbeek and G.~Coray, editors,
{\em Electronic Publishing '92}, pages 260--273, Cambridge, April
1992. Cambridge University Press.

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Frank Mittelbach, Chris Rowley and Michael Downes.
\newblock Volunteer work for the {\LaTeX3} project.
\newblock \LaTeX3 project paper, September 1992.

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Frank Mittelbach and Rainer Sch{\"o}pf.
\newblock With {\LaTeX} into the nineties.
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\newblock {\LaTeX} dans les ann\'{e}es 90.
\newblock {\em Cahiers {GUT}enberg}, (6):2--14, July 1990.

\bibitem{Cork:MS91}
Frank Mittelbach and Rainer Sch{\"o}pf.
\newblock Towards {\LaTeX} 3.0.
\newblock In Guenther \cite{proc:MGu91}, pages 74--79.
\newblock Published as {TUG}boat 12\#1.

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N.A.F.M. Poppelier.
\newblock {SGML} and {\TeX} in scientific publishing.
\newblock In Guenther \cite{proc:MGu91}, pages 105--109.
\newblock Published as {TUG}boat 12\#1.

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\newblock {\em {\TeX}line}, (12):2--4, December 1990.
\newblock Suggestions for \LaTeX3.

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David Rhead.
\newblock Towards {\BibTeX} style-files that implement principal
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\newblock {\em {\TeX}line}, (10):2--8, May 1990.

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David Rhead.
\newblock How might {\LaTeX3} deal with citations and reference lists?
\newblock {\em {\TeX}line}, (13):13--20, September 1991.
\newblock Suggestions for \LaTeX3.

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\newblock {\LaTeX209} $\to$ {\LaTeX3}: an update.
\newblock In Mimi Burbank, editor, {\em 1992 Annual Meeting
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\newblock Published as {TUG}boat 13\#3.

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\newblock The \TeX plorators Corporation, Houston, 1989.

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\newblock American Mathematical Society, Providence, Rode Island, second
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\newblock {\em Practical {SGML}}.
\newblock Wolters Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1990.

\bibitem{embull:BSy92}
Bj{\"o}rn von Sydow.
\newblock The design of the euromath system.
\newblock {\em Euromath Bulletin}, 1(1):39--48, 1992.

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\newblock Structured document processing: the {\LaTeX} approach.
\newblock {\em Computer Physics Communications}, (61):177--189, 1990.

\bibitem{Cork:WM91}
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\newblock {\BibTeX} reconsidered.
\newblock In Guenther \cite{proc:MGu91}, pages 111--124.
\newblock Published as {TUG}boat 12\#1.

\end{thebibliography}


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