MNG-LC (Multiple-image Network Graphics--Low Complexity) Format Version 0.98

For list of authors, see Credits (Chapter 13).

Status of this Memo

This document is a specification by the PNG development group. It has been approved by a vote of the group. Future technical changes will require formal approval by a vote of the group. It is the intent of the group to maintain backward compatibility if possible. We will, however, correct any technical deficiencies discovered in the course of developing "beta" implementations.

Comments on this document can be sent to the MNG specification maintainers at one of the following addresses:

Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

At present, the latest version of this document is available on the World Wide Web from

   ftp://swrinde.nde.swri.edu/pub/mng/documents/.

In the case of any discrepancy between this extract and the full MNG specification, the full MNG specification shall take precedence.

Changes from the seventieth MNG draft (mng-0.97-20000228)

Abstract

This document presents the MNG-LC (Multiple-image Network Graphics, Low Complexity) format, which is a proper subset of the MNG (Multiple-image Network Graphics) format.

MNG is a multiple-image member of the PNG (Portable Network Graphics) format family that can contain animations, slide shows, or complex still frames, comprised of multiple PNG single-image datastreams.

The MNG-LC format uses the same chunk structure that is defined in the PNG specification and shares other features of the PNG format. Any MNG-VLC decoder must be able to decode valid PNG datastreams.

A MNG-LC frame normally contains a two-dimensional image or a two-dimensional layout of smaller images. It could also contain three-dimensional "voxel" data arranged as a series of two-dimensional planes (or tomographic slices), each plane being represented by a PNG datastream.

This document includes examples that demonstrate various capabilities of MNG-LC including simple movies and composite frames.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

This document presents a low-complexity version (MNG-LC, which is a proper subset) of the MNG (Multiple-image Network Graphics) format.

Note: This specification depends on the PNG (Portable Network Graphics) [PNG] and, for MNG-LC applications that are enhanced with JNG support, the JNG (JPEG Network Graphics) specifications. The PNG specification is available at the PNG web site,

   http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/

and the JNG (JPEG Network Graphics) specification and the full MNG specification are available at the MNG web site,

   http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/

A MNG-LC datastream describes a sequence of zero or more single frames, each of which can be composed of zero or more embedded images.

The embedded images can be PNG or JNG datastreams. MNG-LC datastreams do not contain JNG (JPEG Network Graphics) datastreams, which are allowed in full MNG datastreams, but MNG-LC applications can be enhanced to recognize and process those as well.

A typical MNG-LC datastream consists of:

MNG is fundamentally declarative; it describes the elements that go into an individual frame. It is up to the decoder to work out an efficient way of making the screen match the desired composition whenever a nonzero interframe delay occurs. Simple decoders can handle it as if it were procedural, compositing the images into the frame buffer in the order that they appear, but efficient decoders might do something different, as long as the final appearance of the frame is the same.

MNG is pronounced "Ming."

When a MNG datastream is stored in a file, it is recommended that ".mng" be used as the file suffix. In network applications, the Media Type "video/x-mng" can be used. Registration of the media type "video/mng" might be pursued at some future date.

The MNG datastream begins with an 8-byte signature containing

   138 77 78 71 13 10 26 10

(decimal) which is similar to the PNG signature with "\212 M N G" instead of "\211 P N G" in bytes 0-3.

Chunk structure (length, name, data, CRC) and the chunk-naming system are identical to those defined in the PNG specification. As in PNG, all integers that require more than one byte must be in network byte order.

The chunk copying rules for MNG employ the same mechanism as PNG, but with rules that are explained more fully in the full MNG specification.

Note that decoders are not required to follow any decoding models described in this specification nor to follow the instructions in this specification, as long as they produce results identical to those that could be produced by a decoder that did use this model and did follow the instructions.

Each chunk of the MNG datastream or of any embedded object is an independent entity, i.e., no chunk is ever enclosed in the data segment of another chunk. MNG-LC decoders are required to recognize and decode independent PNG datastreams, and any MNG-LC decoder that has been enhanced to include JNG support is required to recognize and decode independent JNG datastreams.

Because the embedded objects making up a MNG are normally in PNG format, MNG shares the good features of PNG:

In addition:

2. Terminology

See also the glossary in the PNG specification and the "terminology" section of the full MNG specification.

requirement levels
The words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", and "OPTIONAL" in this document, which are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119, and the word "CAN", which is equivalent to the word "MAY" as described therein. "NOT ALLOWED" and "NOT PERMITTED" describe conditions that "MUST NOT" occur. "ALLOWED" and "PERMITTED" describe conditions that "CAN" occur.

embedded image
An image that appears in-line in a MNG datastream.

frame
A layout of zero or more layers, with zero interframe delay time between them, followed by a specified nonzero delay time or by the MEND chunk, that is to be displayed as a still picture or as part of a sequence of still images or an animation. An animation would ideally appear to a perfect observer (with an inhumanly fast visual system) as a sequence of still pictures. A group of MNG images, with zero interframe delay time between them, and also followed by a zero interframe delay time, makes up a "subframe" (see below) instead of a "frame". The final subframe in the datastream completes a frame, regardless of its interframe delay.

When the layers of a frame do not cover the entire area defined by the width and height fields from the MHDR chunk, the layers are composited over the previous frame to obtain the new frame.

frame origin
The upper left corner of the output device (frame buffer, screen, window, page, etc.) where the pixels are to be displayed. This is the {0,0} position for the purpose of defining frame clipping boundaries, image locations, and image clipping boundaries. Note that in a windowing system, the frame origin might be moved offscreen, but the locations in DEFI chunks would still be measured from this offscreen origin.

interframe delay
The amount of time a frame should be visible when a sequence of frames or an animation is played. In reality, it takes a nonzero amount of time to display a frame. No matter which moment is picked as the "start" of the frame, the interframe delay measures the time to the "start" of the next frame. There is no interframe delay prior to the implicit background layer at the beginning of the sequence nor after the final frame.

interpolate
In this document, to determine the color or alpha values for new pixels that have been created in the interval between two pixels with known values. Interpolation always means linear interpolation (the new values are evenly spaced between the two known values) in this document.

iteration
One cycle of a loop. In this document, as is customary among computer programmers, the number of iterations of a loop includes the first cycle. A loop can have zero iterations, which means it is not executed at all.

layer
One of

Note that a layer can be completely empty if the image is entirely outside the clipping boundaries.

A layer can be thought of as a transparent rectangle with the same dimensions as the frame, with an image composited into it, or it can be thought of as a rectangle having the same dimensions (possibly zero) and location as those of the object after it has been located and clipped.

An embedded visible PNG or JNG datastream generates a single layer, even though it might be interlaced or progressive.

MNG-LC
A low-complexity subset of MNG in which only image 0 is permitted, loops can all be run once, JNG and Delta-PNG are not present, and certain MNG chunks are not present. Bit 0 of the MHDR simplicity profile must be 1, indicating that the profile is valid, and all other bits of the profile except possibly for bits 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8 must be 0, indicating that "complex MNG features", JNG, and Delta-PNG are not present. Bits 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8 can be 0 or 1, depending on whether "simple MNG features" and transparency are absent or present. MNG-LC is a proper subset of MNG.

nullify
To nullify a chunk is to undo its effect, restoring the datastream to the condition it would have had if the chunk being nullified had never appeared.

object, object_id
An image. The object_id is an unsigned sixteen-bit number that serves as the identifier of a set of object attributes. In MNG-LC only object 0 is permitted.

object attributes
Properties of an object such as its existence, potential visibility, location, and clipping boundaries.

potentially visible image
A not-yet-defined object that is "marked", by setting its do_not_show flag to zero, for on-the-fly display while the embedded image that defines it is being decoded.

signal
An entity with a number that can arrive asynchronously at the decoder. More detailed semantics, like whether multiple signals of the same number (or even different numbers) can be queued, are beyond the scope of this specification.

subframe
A group of one or more layers that are to be displayed as a part of a still frame or as part of one frame of a sequence of frames. Subframes are defined in MNG for convenience in applying frame parameters to a subset of the layers making up a complete frame (see the definition of "frame" above).

visible image
Actually drawn on a display. If an object is visible, a person looking at the display can see it.

3. MNG Chunks

This chapter describes chunks that can appear at the top level of a MNG datastream.

3.1. Critical MNG control chunks

This section describes critical MNG control chunks that MNG-LC-compliant decoders must recognize and process ("processing" a chunk sometimes can consist of simply recognizing it and ignoring it; some chunks have been declared to be critical only to prevent them from being relocated by MNG editors).

3.1.1. MHDR MNG datastream header

The MHDR chunk is always first in all MNG datastreams except for those that consist of a single PNG or JNG datastream with a PNG or JNG signature.

The MHDR chunk contains exactly 28 bytes:

   Frame width:  4 bytes (unsigned integer).
   Frame height: 4 bytes (unsigned integer).
   Ticks per
    second:      4 bytes (unsigned integer).
   Nominal layer
    count:       4 bytes (unsigned integer).
   Nominal frame
    count:       4 bytes (unsigned integer).
   Nominal play
    time:        4 bytes (unsigned integer).
   Simplicity
    profile:     4 bytes:(unsigned integer).
                   bit 0:
                          1: Absence of certain features is
                             specified by the remaining bits
                             of the simplicity profile.
                          (must be 1 in MNG-LC datastreams)
                   bit 1:
                          0: Simple MNG features are absent.
                          1: Simple MNG features may be present.
                   bit 2:
                          0: Complex MNG features are absent.
                          (must be 0 in MNG-LC datastreams)
                   bit 3:
                          0: Transparency is absent or can
                             be ignored.  All images in the
                             datastream can be rendered as
                             opaque without affecting the
                             final appearance of any frame.
                          1: Transparency may be present.
                   bit 4:
                          0: JNG and JDAA are absent.
                          1: JNG or JDAA may be present.
                          (must be 0 in MNG-LC datastreams)
                   bit 5:
                          0: Delta-PNG is absent.
                          (must be 0 in MNG-LC datastreams)
                   bit 6: Validity flag for bits 7, 8, and 9
                          0: The absence of background transparency,
                             semitransparency, and stored objects
                             is unspecified; bits 7, 8, and 9
                             have no meaning and must be 0.
                          1: The possible presence of background
                             transparency is expressed by bit 7,
                             semitransparency by bit 8, and the
                             possible presence of stored objects by
                             bit 9. 
                   bit 7:
                          0: Background transparency is absent
                             or can be ignored                        
                             (i.e., the first layer fills the
                             entire MNG frame with opaque pixels).
                          1: Background transparency may be
                             present.
                   bit 8:
                          0: Semitransparency (i.e., an image
                             with an alpha channel that has
                             values that are neither 0 nor the
                             maximum value) is absent.
                          1: Semitransparency may be present.
                   bit 9:
                          0: Object buffers need not be stored.
                          (must be 0 in MNG-LC and MNG-VLC
                           datastreams)
                   bits 10-15:
                          Reserved for public expansion.  Must
                          be zero in this version.
                   bits 16-30:
                          Available for private or experimental
                          expansion.  Undefined in this version
                          and can be ignored.
                   bit 31:
                          Must be zero.

Decoders can ignore the "informative" frame-count, layer-count, play-time, and simplicity-profile fields.

The frame_width and frame_height fields give the intended display size (measured in pixels) and provide the default clipping boundaries. (see Recommendations for encoders, below). It is strongly recommended that these be set to zero if the MNG datastream contains no visible images.

The ticks_per_second field gives the unit used by the FRAM chunk to specify interframe delay and timeout. It must be nonzero if the datastream contains a sequence of images. When the datastream contains exactly one frame, this field should be set to zero. When this field is zero, the length of a tick is infinite, and decoders will ignore any attempt to define interframe delay, timeout, or any other variable that depends on the length of a tick. If the frames are intended to be displayed one at a time under user control, such as a slide show or a multi-page FAX, the tick length can be set to any positive number and a FRAM chunk can be used to set an infinite interframe delay and a zero timeout. Unless the user intervenes, viewers will only display the first frame in the datastream.

When ticks_per_second is nonzero, and there is no other information available about interframe delay, viewers should display the sequence of frames at the rate of one frame per tick.

If the frame-count field contains a zero, the frame count is unspecified. If it is nonzero, it contains the number of frames that would be displayed, ignoring the TERM chunk. If the frame count is greater than 231-1, encoders should write 231-1, representing an infinite frame count.

If the layer-count field contains a zero, the layer count is unspecified. If it is nonzero, it contains the number of layers in the datastream, ignoring the TERM chunk. If the layer count is greater than 231-1, encoders should write 231-1, representing an infinite layer count.

If the nominal-play-time field contains a zero, the nominal play time is unspecified. Otherwise, it gives the play time, in ticks, when the file is displayed ignoring the TERM chunk. Authors who write this field should choose a value of "ticks_per_second" that will allow the nominal play time to be expressed in a four-bit integer. If the nominal play time is greater than 231-1 ticks, encoders should write 231-1, representing an infinite nominal play time.

When bit 0 of the simplicity profile is zero, the simplicity (or complexity) of the MNG datastream is unspecified, and all bits of the simplicity profile must be zero. The simplicity profile must be nonzero in MNG-LC datastreams.

If the simplicity profile is nonzero, it can be regarded as a 32-bit profile, with bit 0 (the least significant bit) being a "profile-validity" flag, bit 1 being a "simple MNG" flag, bit 2 being a "complex MNG" flag, bits 3, 7, and 8 being "transparency" flags, bit 4 being a "JNG" flag, bit 5 being a "Delta-PNG" flag, and bit 9 being a "stored objects" flag. Bit 6 is a "validity" flag for bits 7, 8, and 9, which were added at version 0.98 of this specification. These three flags mean nothing if bit 6 is zero.

If a bit is zero, the corresponding feature is guaranteed to be absent or if it is present there is no effect on the appearance of any frame if it is ignored. If a bit is one, the corresponding feature may be present in the MNG datastream.

The upper 15 bits (except for the most significant bit, which must be zero) are available for private test or experimental versions, and the remaining bits are reserved for future MNG versions, and must be zero in this version.

When bit 1 is zero ("simple" MNG features are absent), the datastream does not contain the DEFI, FRAM, MAGN, or global PLTE and tRNS chunks.

"Transparency is absent or can be ignored" means that either the MNG or PNG tRNS chunk is not present and no PNG or JNG image has an alpha channel, or if they are present they have no effect on the final appearance of any frame and can be ignored (e.g., if the only transparency in a MNG datastream appears in a thumbnail that is never displayed in a frame, or is in some pixels that are overlaid by opaque pixels before being displayed, the transparency bit should be set to zero).

"Semitransparency is absent means that if the MNG or PNG tRNS chunk is present or if any PNG or JNG image has an alpha channel, they only contain the values 0 and the maximum (opaque) value. It also means that the JDAA chunk is not present. The "semitransparency" flag means nothing and must be 0 if bit 3 is 0 or bit 6 is 0.

"Background transparency is absent" means that the first layer of every segment fills the entire frame with opaque pixels, and that nothing following the first layer causes any frame to become transparent. Whatever is behind the first layer does not show through.

When "Background transparency" is present, the application is responsible for supplying a background color or image against which the MNG background layer is composited, and if the MNG is being displayed against a changing scene, the application should refresh the entire MNG frame against a new copy of the background layer whenever the application's background scene changes. The "background transparency" flag means nothing and must be 0 if bit 6 is 0. Note that bit 3 does not make any promises about background transparency.

The "stored objects" flag is only useful when bit 2 is nonzero (i.e., "complex MNG features" are present). This flag promises that even though such features are present, no chunk will ever use the information in an existing object buffer; therefore it is not necessary to store an object buffer for any object. An object attributes set is necessary for each object, however. Therefore, the MOVE, CLIP, DISC, deterministic LOOP, partial CLON, and immediately-displayed BASI chunk are permissible. The "stored objects" flag means nothing and must be 0 if bit 2 is 0 or bit 6 is 0.

A MNG-LC (i.e., a "low-complexity MNG") datastream must have a simplicity profile with bit 0 equal to 1 and all other bits except possibly for bits 1, 3, 6, 7, and 8 ("simple MNG" MNG features and transparency) equal to zero. If bit 4 (JNG) is 1, the datastream is a "MNG-LC that might contain a JNG" datastream carrying an image or an alpha channel. MNG-LC decoders are allowed to reject such datastreams unless they have been enhanced with JNG capability.

Encoders that write a nonzero simplicity profile should endeavor to be accurate, so that decoders that process it will not unnecessarily reject datastreams or avoid possible optimizations. For example, the simplicity profile 351 (0x15f) indicates that JNG, critical transparency, semitransparency, and at least one "complex" MNG feature are all present, but Delta-PNG, stored objects, and background transparency are not. This example would not qualify as a MNG-LC datastream because a "complex" MNG feature might be present. If the simplicity profile promises that certain features are absent, but they are actually present in the MNG datastream, the datastream is invalid.

3.1.2. MEND End of MNG datastream

The MEND chunk's data length is zero. It signifies the end of a MNG datastream.

3.1.3. LOOP, ENDL Define a loop

The LOOP chunk can be ignored by MNG-LC decoders, along with the ENDL chunk.

3.2. Critical MNG image defining chunks

3.2.1. DEFI Define an object

The DEFI chunk sets the default object attribute set (object_id, do_not_show flag, concrete_flag, location, and clipping boundaries) for any subsequent images that are defined with IHDR-IEND, or JHDR-IEND datastreams.

Bit 1 of the MHDR simplicity profile can be used to promise that the DEFI chunk is not present.

The DEFI chunk contains 2, 3, 4, 12, or 28 bytes. If any field is omitted, all remaining fields must also be omitted.

   Object id:     2 bytes (unsigned integer) identifier
                    to be given to the objects that
                    follow the DEFI chunk.
                    This field must be zero in MNG-LC
                    files.
   
   Do_not_show
    flag:         1 byte (unsigned integer)
                    0:  Make the objects potentially
                        visible.
                    1:  Make the objects not potentially
                        visible.
   
   Concrete flag: 1 byte (unsigned integer)
                    0:  Make the objects "abstract" (image
                        cannot be the source for a
                        Delta-PNG)
                    1:  Make the objects "concrete" (object
                        can be the source for a Delta-PNG).
                    MNG-LC decoders can ignore this flag.
   
   X_location:    4 bytes (signed integer).
                    The X_location and Y_location fields can
                    be omitted as a pair.
   
   Y_location:    4 bytes (signed integer).
   
   Left_cb:       4 bytes (signed integer).  Left clipping
                    boundary.  The left_cb, right_cb,
                    top_cb, and bottom_cb fields can be
                    omitted as a group.
   
   Right_cb:      4 bytes (signed integer).
   
   Top_cb:        4 bytes (signed integer).
   
   Bottom_cb:     4 bytes (signed integer).

Negative values are permitted for the X and Y location and clipping boundaries. The left and top boundaries are inclusive, while the right and bottom boundaries are exclusive. The positive directions are downward and rightward from the frame origin (see Recommendations for encoders, below). If no DEFI chunk precedes an object, the decoder must use the following default values:

                Object_id = 0
              Do_not_show = 0
            Concrete_flag = 0
               X_location = 0
               Y_location = 0
                  Left_cb = 0
                 Right_cb = frame_width
                   Top_cb = 0
                Bottom_cb = frame_height

These default values are also used to fill any fields that were omitted from the DEFI chunk, when an object with the same object_id has not been previously defined or a DISC or SEEK chunk has caused it to be discarded.

The object attributes for all unfrozen objects, including object 0, become undefined when a SEEK chunk is encountered. Encoders must ensure that the first DEFI chunk for every object_id after any SEEK chunk does not omit any fields that were set to values other than these defaults in the previous DEFI chunk for that object_id, because simple decoders are allowed to ignore the SEEK chunk. Decoders that jump or skip to SEEK chunks must assume these defaults for any omitted fields in the first DEFI chunk in a segment for each object_id.

3.2.2. PLTE and tRNS Global palette

The PLTE chunk has the same format as a PNG PLTE chunk. It provides a global palette that is inherited by PNG datastreams that contain an empty PLTE chunk.

The tRNS chunk has the same format as a PNG tRNS chunk. It provides a global transparency array that is inherited along with the global palette by PNG datastreams that contain an empty PLTE chunk.

If a PNG datastream is present that does not contain an empty PLTE chunk, neither the global PLTE nor the global tRNS data is inherited by that datastream.

If the global PLTE chunk is not present, each indexed-color PNG in the datastream must supply its own PLTE (and tRNS, if it has transparency) chunks.

3.2.3. IHDR, PNG chunks, IEND

A PNG (Portable Network Graphics) datastream.

See the PNG specification [PNG] and the Extensions to the PNG Specification document [PNG-EXT] for the format of the PNG chunks.

The IHDR and IEND chunks and any chunks between them are written and decoded according to the PNG specification, except as extended in this section. These extensions do not apply to standalone PNG datastreams that have the PNG signature, but only to PNG datastreams that are embedded in a MNG datastream that begins with a MNG signature.

If do_not_show=0 for the image when the IHDR chunk is encountered, a viewer can choose to display the image while it is being decoded, perhaps taking advantage of the PNG interlacing method, or to display it after decoding is complete.

3.2.4. JHDR, JNG chunks, IEND

A JNG (JPEG Network Graphics) datastream.

See the JNG specification for the format of the JNG datastream.

The JHDR and IEND chunks and any chunks between them are written and decoded according to the JNG specification.

The remaining discussion in the previous paragraph about PNG datastreams also applies to JNG datastreams.

MNG-LC applications are not expected to process JNG datastreams unless they have been enhanced with JNG capability.

3.3. Critical MNG image displaying chunks

3.3.1. BACK Background

The BACK chunk suggests a background color against which transparent, clipped, or less-than-full-frame images can be displayed.

The BACK chunk contains 6, 7, 9, or 10 bytes. If any field is omitted, all remaining fields must also be omitted.

   Red_background:   2 bytes (unsigned integer).
   
   Green_background: 2 bytes (unsigned integer).
   
   Blue_background:  2 bytes (unsigned integer).
   
   Mandatory
     background:     1 byte (unsigned integer).
                        0: Background color is advisory.
                           Applications can use it if they
                           choose to.
                        1: Background color is mandatory.
                           Applications must use it.
                        This byte can be omitted.  If so,
                        the background color is advisory.

Viewers are expected to composite the first subframe in the MNG-LC datastream against a background layer that fills the entire frame. The BACK chunk provides a background that the viewer can use for this purpose. If it is not "mandatory" the viewer can choose another background if it wishes. If the BACK chunk is not present, or if it has been clipped to less than full frame, the viewer must provide its own background for the first subframe. Each subframe after the first must be composited over the layers that precede it.

Viewers are expected, however, to composite every subframe in the MNG datastream against a fresh copy of the background, when the framing mode given in the FRAM chunk is 3 or 4. The images and the background are both clipped to the frame boundaries given in the FRAM chunk. Anything outside these boundaries is inherited from the previous subframe.

The three BACK components are always written as though for an RGBA PNG with 16-bit sample depth. For example, a mid-level gray background could be specified with (0x9999, 0x9999, 0x9999). The background color is interpreted in the current color space as defined by any top-level gAMA, cHRM, iCCP, sRGB chunks that have appeared prior to the BACK chunk in the MNG datastream. If no such chunks appear, the color space is unknown.

When the BACK chunk appears between FRAM chunks, it applies to the upcoming frame, not to the current one. When framing_mode is 3, it takes effect immediately prior to the next IHDR or JHDR chunk in the datastream.

Multiple instances of the BACK chunk are permitted in a MNG datastream.

The BACK chunk can be omitted. If a background is needed and the BACK chunk is omitted, then the viewer must supply its own background. For the purpose of counting layers, such a viewer-supplied background layer is counted the same as a background supplied by the BACK chunk.

In practice, most applications that use MNG as part of a larger composition should ignore the BACK data if mandatory_background=0 and the application already has its own background definition. This will frequently be the case in World Wide Web pages, to achieve nonrectangular transparent animations displayed against the background of the page.

3.3.2. FRAM Frame definitions

The FRAM chunk provides information that a decoder needs for generating layers, subframes, and frames. The FRAM parameters govern how the decoder is to behave when it encounters a FRAM chunk, or an embedded image. The FRAM chunk also delimits subframes.

Bit 1 of the MHDR simplicity profile can be used to promise that the FRAM chunk is not present.

An empty FRAM chunk is just a subframe delimiter. A nonempty one is a subframe delimiter, and it also changes FRAM parameters, either for the upcoming subframe or until reset. When the FRAM chunk is not empty, it contains a framing-mode byte, an optional name string, a zero-byte separator, plus four 1-byte fields plus a variable number of optional fields.

   Framing mode:  1 byte.
   
                    0:  Don't change framing mode.
   
                    1:  No background layer is inserted.
                        The interframe delay occurs before
                        each image (except the very first
                        in the datastream) is displayed.
   
                    2:  No background layer is inserted.
                        The interframe delay occurs before
                        each "FRAM" chunk.  No delay occurs
                        before or between the images.
   
                    3:  The background layer is displayed
                        before each image is displayed.
                        The interframe delay occurs before
                        displaying the background, and no
                        delay occurs between the background
                        and the image.
   
                    4:  The background layer is inserted
                        after each "FRAM" chunk.  The
                        interframe delay occurs before
                        the background is displayed, and no
                        delay occurs before or between the
                        images.
   
   Subframe name: 0 or more bytes (Latin-1 Text).  Can be
                    omitted; if so, the subframe is nameless.
   
   Separator:     1 byte:  (null).  Must be omitted if all
                    remaining fields are also omitted.
   
   Change interframe
       delay:     1 byte.
   
                    0:  No.
                    1:  Yes, for the next subframe only.
                    2:  Yes, also reset default.
   
                  This field and the next three must be
                  omitted as a group if no frame parameters
                  other than the framing mode are changed.
   
   Change timeout and
     termination: 1 byte
                    0:  No.
                    1:  Deterministic, for the next subframe
                        only.
                    2:  Deterministic, also reset default.
                    3:  Decoder-discretion, for the next
                        subframe only.
                    4:  Decoder-discretion, also reset
                        default.
                    5:  User-discretion, for the next subframe
                        only.
                    6:  User-discretion, also reset default.
                    7:  External-signal, for the next subframe
                        only.
                    8:  External-signal, also reset default.
   
   Change subframe clipping
    boundaries:   1 byte.
                    0:  No.
                    1:  Yes, for the next subframe only.
                    2:  Yes, also reset default.
   
   Change sync id
     list:        1 byte.
                    0:  No.
                    1:  Yes, for the next subframe only.
                    2:  Yes, also reset default list.
   
   Interframe
     delay:       4 bytes (unsigned integer).  Must
                    be omitted if change_interframe_delay=0.
                    The range is [0..2^31-1] ticks.
   
   Timeout:       4 bytes (unsigned integer).  Omit if
                    change_timeout=0.  The range is
                    [0..2^31-1].  The value 2^31-1
                    (0x7fffffff) ticks represents an
                    infinite timeout period.
   
   Subframe boundary
     delta type:  1 byte (unsigned integer).
                    0: Subframe clipping boundary values are
                       given directly.
                    1: Subframe clipping boundaries
                       are determined by adding the FRAM
                       data to their previous values.
                  This and the following four
                  fields must be omitted if
                  change_frame_clipping_boundaries=0.
   
   Left_fb or delta
     left_fb:     4 bytes (signed integer).
   
   Right_fb or delta
     right_fb:    4 bytes (signed integer).
   
   Top_fb or delta
     top_fb:      4 bytes (signed integer).
   
   Bottom_fb or delta
     bottom_fb:   4 bytes (signed integer).
   
   Sync id:       4 bytes (unsigned integer).  Omit if
                    change_sync_id_list=0 or if the new
                    list is empty; repeat until all
                    sync_ids have been listed.  The
                    range is [0..2^31-1].

When the FRAM parameters are changed, the new parameters affect the subframe that is about to be defined, not the one that is being terminated by the FRAM chunk.

Framing modes:

The framing mode provides information to the decoder that it uses whenever it is about to display an image, and when it is processing the next FRAM chunk.

The following events trigger the display of an image:

Any of these events generates a display update, even if the visible image is outside the clipping boundaries and no pixels are actually changed.

When a decoder is ready to perform a display update, it must check the framing mode, to decide whether it should restore the background (framing modes 3 and 4) or not (framing modes 1 and 2), and whether it needs to wait for the interframe delay to elapse before continuing (framing modes 1 and 3) or not (framing modes 2 and 4).

When the interframe delay is zero, viewers are not required actually to update the display but can continue to process the remainder of the frame and composite the next image over the existing frame before displaying anything. The final result must appear the same as if each image had been displayed in turn with no delay.

Regardless of the framing mode, encoders must insert a background layer, with a zero delay, ahead of the first image layer in the datastream, even when the BACK chunk is not present or has been clipped to less than full-frame. This layer must be included in the layer count but not in the frame count.

Framing mode 1
When framing_mode=1, the decoder must wait until the interframe delay has elapsed before displaying each image. The background layer is inserted, with no interframe delay, before the first image in the datastream. If the interframe delay is nonzero, the first frame in the datastream consists of two layers and the rest consist of a single layer.

Framing mode 2
Framing mode 2 is the same as framing mode 1, except that the interframe delay occurs between subframes rather than between images.

In the usual case, the interframe delay is nonzero, so each subframe is a composite frame. When framing_mode=2, viewers are expected to display all of the images in a frame at once, if possible, or as fast as can be managed, without clearing the display or restoring the background. The next FRAM chunk delimits the subframe. A subframe also ends when a SEEK chunk or the MEND chunk appears, and the final frame ends when the MEND chunk appears.

Framing mode 3
When framing_mode=3, a background layer is displayed before each image layer is displayed, without a delay between the background and the image. The decoder must wait until the interframe delay has elapsed before displaying the background. If the interframe delay is nonzero, each frame consists of two layers. A subframe boundary occurs after each image appears. Otherwise, framing_mode=3 is identical to framing_mode=1.

When the background layer is transparent or does not fill the clipping boundaries of the image layer, the application is responsible for supplying a background color or image against which the image layer is composited, and if the MNG is being displayed against a changing scene, the application should refresh the entire MNG frame against a new copy of the background layer whenever the application's background scene changes (see the "background transparency" bit of the simplicity profile).

Framing mode 4
When framing_mode=4, the background layer is displayed before each frame, i.e., after each FRAM chunk, with no interframe delay before each image. The decoder must wait until the interframe delay has elapsed before displaying the background layer. Otherwise, framing_mode=4 is identical to framing_mode=2.

When the background layer is transparent or does not fill the clipping boundaries of the frame, the application is responsible for supplying a background color or image against which the subframes are composited, and if the MNG is being displayed against a changing scene, the application should refresh the entire MNG frame against a new copy of the background layer whenever the application's background scene changes (see the "background transparency" bit of the simplicity profile).

The subframe name must conform to the same formatting rules as those for a PNG tEXt keyword: It must consist only of printable Latin-1 characters and must not have leading or trailing blanks, but can have single embedded blanks. There must be at least one (unless the subframe name is omitted) and no more than 79 characters in the keyword. Keywords are case-sensitive. There is no null byte within the keyword. Applications can use this field for such purposes as constructing an external list of subframes in the datastream. The subframe name only applies to the upcoming subframe; subsequent subframes are unnamed unless they also have their own frame_name field. It is recommended that the same name not appear in any other FRAM chunk or in any SEEK or eXPI chunk. Subframe names should not begin with the case-insensitive strings "CLOCK(", "FRAME(", or "FRAMES(", which are reserved for use in URI queries and fragments, as explained in the full MNG specification.

The interframe delay value is the desired minimum time to elapse from the beginning of displaying one frame until the beginning of displaying the next frame. When the interframe delay is nonzero, which will probably be the usual case, subframes are frames. When it is zero, a frame consists of any number of consecutive subframes, until a nonzero delay subframe is encountered and completed. Decoders are not obligated to display such subframes individually; they can composite them offscreen and only display the complete frame.

There is no interframe delay before the first layer (the implicit background layer) in the datastream nor after the final frame, regardless of the framing mode.

The timeout field can be a number or <infinity>. Infinity can be represented by 0x7fffffff.

The termination condition given in the change_timeout_and_termination field specifies how much longer, after the normal interframe delay has elapsed, the frame will endure, and whether the interframe delay can be shortened. It can take the following values:

deterministic
The frame endures no longer than the normal interframe delay. Even though this is the default, a streaming encoder talking to a real-time decoder might write a FRAM with a termination condition of "deterministic" to force the display to be updated while the encoder decides its next move.

decoder-discretion
If the interframe delay is nonzero, the decoder can lengthen the duration of the frame, but by no more than the timeout. A streaming decoder could take the opportunity to wait for its input buffer to fill to a comfortable level. When the timeout is zero, the decoder can shorten the duration of the frame to less than the interframe delay.

user-discretion
If the interframe delay is nonzero, after the interframe delay has expired, the decoder should wait for permission from the user (e.g., via a keypress) before proceeding, but must wait no longer than the timeout. If the decoder cannot interact with the user, this condition degenerates into "decoder-discretion". When the timeout is zero, the user can shorten the duration of the frame to less than the interframe delay.

external-signal
If the interframe delay is nonzero, after the interframe delay has expired, the decoder should wait for the arrival of a signal whose number matches a sync_id, but must wait no longer than the timeout. When the timeout is zero, the arrival of a signal can shorten the duration of the frame to less than the interframe delay.

The sync_id list can be omitted if the termination condition is not "external-signal".

When the sync_id list is changed, the number of sync_id entries is determined by the remaining length of the chunk data, divided by four. This number can be zero, which either inactivates the existing sync_id list for one frame or deletes it.

The initial values of the FRAM parameters are:

     Framing mode             = 1
     Subframe name            = <empty string>
     Interframe delay         = 1
     Left subframe boundary   = 0
     Right subframe boundary  = frame width
     Top subframe boundary    = 0
     Bottom subframe boundary = frame height
     Termination              = deterministic
     Timeout                  = 0x7fffffff (infinite)
     Sync id                  = <empty list>

The subframe boundaries from the FRAM chunk are only used for clipping, not for placement. The DEFI chunk can be used to specify the placement of each image within the layer. The DEFI chunk can be used to specify clipping boundaries for each image. Even when the left and top subframe boundaries are nonzero, the image locations are measured with respect to the {0,0} position in the display area. The left and top subframe boundaries are inclusive, while the right and bottom boundaries are exclusive.

If the layers are transparent or do not cover the entire area defined by the subframe clipping boundaries, they are composited against whatever already occupies the area, when the framing mode is 1 or 2. When the framing mode is 3 or 4, they are composited against the background defined by the BACK chunk, or against an application-defined background, if the BACK chunk is not present or does not define a mandatory background. The images, as well as the background, are clipped to the subframe clipping boundaries. Any pixels outside the subframe clipping boundaries remain unchanged from the previous subframe.

The interframe_delay field gives the duration of display, which is the minimum time that must elapse from the beginning of displaying one subframe until the beginning of displaying the next. It is measured in "ticks" using the tick length determined from ticks_per_second defined in the MHDR chunk. When the interframe delay is zero, it indicates that all subframes are to be combined into a single frame, until a nonzero interframe delay is specified or the MEND chunk is reached.

A viewer does not actually have to follow the procedure of erasing the screen, redisplaying the background, and recompositing the images against it, but what is displayed when the frame is complete must be the same as if it had. It is sufficient to redraw the parts of the display that change from one frame to the next.

The sync_id list provides a point at which the processor must wait for all pending processes to reach the synchronization point having the same sync_id before resuming, perhaps because of a need to synchronize a sound datastream (not defined in this specification) with the display, to synchronize stereo images, and the like. When the period defined by the sum of the interframe_delay and the timeout fields elapses, processing can resume even though the processor has not received an indication that other processes have reached the synchronization point.

Note that the synchronization point does not occur immediately, but at the end of the subframe that follows the FRAM chunk.

The identifier sync_id=0 is reserved to represent synchronization with a user input from a keyboard or pointing device. The sync_id values 1-255 are reserved to represent the corresponding ASCII letter, received from the keyboard (or a simulated keyboard), and values 256-1023 are reserved for future definition by this specification. If multiple channels (not defined in this specification) are not present, viewers can ignore other values appearing in the sync_id list.

3.3.3. TERM Termination action

The TERM chunk suggests how the end of the MNG datastream should be handled, when a MEND chunk is found. It contains either a single byte or ten bytes:

   Termination
     action:     1 byte (unsigned integer)
                   0: Show the last frame indefinitely.
                   1: Cease displaying anything.
                   2: Show the first frame after the TERM
                      chunk.
                   3: Repeat the sequence starting
                      immediately after the TERM chunk
                      and ending with the MEND chunk.
   
   Action after
     iterations: 1 byte
                   0: Show the last frame indefinitely after
                      iteration_max iterations have been
                      done.
                   1: Cease displaying anything.
                   2: Show the first frame after the TERM
                      chunk.
   
                  This and the remaining fields must be
                  present if termination_action is 3, and
                  must be omitted otherwise.
   
   Delay:         4 bytes (unsigned integer).  Delay, in
                  ticks, before repeating the sequence.
   
   Iteration max: 4 bytes (unsigned integer).  Maximum
                  number of times to execute the sequence.
                  Infinity is represented by 0x7fffffff.

The TERM chunk, if present, must appear either immediately after the MHDR chunk or immediately prior to a SEEK chunk. Only one TERM chunk is permitted in a MNG datastream.

Simple viewers and single-frame viewers can ignore the TERM chunk. It has been made critical only so MNG editors will not inadvertently relocate it.

3.4. SAVE and SEEK chunks

Simple decoders that only read MNG datastreams sequentially can safely ignore the SAVE and SEEK chunks.

3.5. Ancillary MNG chunks

This section describes ancillary MNG chunks. MNG-compliant decoders are not required to recognize and process them.

3.5.1. eXPI Export image

The eXPI chunk takes a snapshot of an image, associates the name with that snapshot, and makes the name available to the "outside world" (like a scripting language).

The chunk contains an object identifier (snapshot id) and a name:

   Snapshot id:   2 bytes (unsigned integer).
                  (must be zero in MNG-LC
                  datastreams)
   Snapshot name: 1-79 bytes (Latin-1 text).

When the snapshot_id is zero, the snapshot is the first instance of an embedded image following the eXPI chunk.

Note that the snapshot_name is associated with the snapshot, not with the snapshot_id nor its future contents; changing the image identified by snapshot_id will not affect the snapshot. The snapshot_name means nothing inside the scope of the MNG-LC specification. If two eXPI chunks use the same name, it is the outside world's problem (and the outside world's prerogative to regard it as an error). It is recommended, however, that the snapshot_name not be the same as that appearing in any other eXPI chunk or in any FRAM chunk. A decoder that knows of no "outside world" can simply ignore the eXPI chunk. This chunk could be used in MNG datastreams that define libraries of related images, rather than animations, to allow applications to extract images by their snapshot_id.

Names beginning with the word "thumbnail" are reserved for snapshot images that are intended to make good icons for the MNG. Thumbnail images are regular PNG images, but they would normally have smaller dimensions and fewer colors than the MNG frames. They can be defined with the potential visibility field set to "invisible" if they are not intended to be shown as a part of the regular display.

The snapshot_name string must follow the format of a tEXt keyword: It must consist only of printable Latin-1 characters and must not have leading or trailing blanks, but can have single embedded blanks. There must be at least one and no more than 79 characters in the keyword. Keywords are case-sensitive. There is no null byte terminator within the snapshot_name string, nor is there a separate null byte terminator. Snapshot names should not begin with the case-insensitive strings "CLOCK(", "FRAME(", or "FRAMES(" which are reserved for use in URI queries and fragments.

Multiple instances of the eXPI chunk are permitted in a MNG datastream, and they need not have different values of snapshot_id.

3.5.2. pHYg Physical pixel size (global)

The MNG pHYg chunk is identical in syntax to the PNG pHYs chunk. It applies to complete full-frame MNG layers and not to the individual images within them.

Conceptually, a MNG viewer that processes the pHYg chunk will first composite each image into a full-frame layer, then apply the pHYg scaling to the layer, and finally composite the scaled layer into the subframe. MNG datastreams can include both the pHYs chunk (either at the MNG top level or within the PNG and JNG datastreams) and the pHYg chunk (only at the MNG top level), to ensure that the images are properly displayed either when displayed by a MNG viewer or when extracted into a series of individual PNG or JNG datastreams and then displayed by a PNG or JNG application. The pHYs and pHYg chunks would normally contain the same values, but this is not necessary.

The MNG top-level pHYg chunk can be nullified by a subsequent empty pHYg chunk appearing in the MNG top level.

3.6. Ancillary PNG chunks

The namespace for MNG chunk names is separate from that of PNG. Only those PNG chunks named in this paragraph are also defined at the MNG top level. They have exactly the same syntax and semantics as when they appear in a PNG datastream:

4. The JPEG Network Graphics (JNG) Format

JNG (JPEG Network Graphics) is the lossy sub-format for MNG objects. It is described in the full MNG specification and is also available as a separate extract from the full MNG specification. Both documents are available at the MNG home page,

   http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/

MNG-LC applications can choose to support JNG or not. Those that do not can check bit 4 (JNG is present/absent) of the MHDR simplicity profile to decide whether they can process the datastream.

5. Chunk Copying Rules

The chunk copying rules for MNG are similar to those in PNG. Authors of MNG editing applications should consult the full MNG specification for details.

6. Minimum Requirements for MNG-LC-Compliant Viewers

This section specifies the minimum level of support that is expected of MNG-LC-compliant decoders, and provides recomendations for viewers that will support slightly more than the minimum requirements. All critical chunks must be recognized, but some of them can be ignored after they have been read and recognized. Ancillary chunks can be ignored, and do not even have to be recognized.

Applications that provide less than minimal MNG support should check the MHDR "simplicity profile" for the presence of features that they are unable to support or do not wish to support. A specific subset, in which "complex MNG features" and JNG are absent, is called "MNG-LC". In MNG-LC datastreams, bit 0 of the simplicity profile must be 1 and bits 2 and 4 must be 0. Another subset is called "MNG-VLC". In MNG-VLC datastreams, "simple MNG features" are also absent, and bit 1 must therefore also be 0.

Subsets are useable when the set of MNG datastreams to be processed is known to be (or is very likely to be) limited to the feature set in MNG-LC. Limiting the feature set in a widely-deployed WWW browser to anything less than MNG with 8-bit JNG support would be highly inappropriate.

Some subsets of MNG support are listed in the following table, more or less in increasing order of complexity.

   Level of support               MHDR Profile bits  Profile
                                 31-10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0  value
   
   MNG-VLC without transparency    0   0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1   65
   MNG-VLC                         0   0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1  457
   MNG-VLC with JNG                0   0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1  473
   MNG-LC                          0   0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1  459 
   MNG-LC with JNG                 0   0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1  475 

One reasonable path for an application developer to follow might be to develop and test the application at each of the following levels of support in turn:

  1. MNG-VLC,

  2. MNG-LC,

  3. MNG-LC with JNG,

  4. MNG (according to the full MNG specification).

An equally reasonable development path might be

  1. MNG-VLC with JNG,

  2. MNG-LC with JNG,

  3. MNG (according to the full MNG specification).

On the other hand, a developer working on an application for storing multi-page fax documents might have no need for more than "MNG-VLC without transparency".

6.1. Required MNG chunk support

MHDR
The ticks_per_second must be supported by animation viewers. The simplicity profile, frame count, layer count, and nominal play time can be ignored. Decoders that provide less than minimal support can use the simplicity profile to identify datastreams that they are incapable of processing.

MEND
The MEND chunk must be recognized but does not require any processing other than completing the last frame.

Global PLTE and tRNS
Must be fully supported. Bit 1 of the simplicity profile can be used to promise that these chunks are not present.

DEFI, BACK, MAGN,
Must be fully supported.

FRAM
The framing_mode and clipping parameters must be supported. The interframe_delay must be supported except by single-frame viewers. The sync_id and timeout data can be ignored.

LOOP, ENDL, SAVE, SEEK, TERM
Must be recognized but can be ignored.

6.2. Required PNG chunk support

IHDR, PLTE, IDAT, IEND
All PNG critical chunks must be fully supported. All values of color_type, bit_depth, compression_method, filter_method and interlace_method must be supported (interlacing, as in PNG, need not necessarily be displayed on-the-fly; the image can be displayed after it is fully decoded). The alpha-channel must be supported, at least to the degree that fully opaque pixels are opaque and fully transparent ones are transparent. It is recommended that alpha be fully supported. Alpha is not present (or can be ignored because it has no effect on the appearance of any frame) if bit 3 of the simplicity profile is 0.

tRNS
The PNG tRNS chunk, although it is an ancillary chunk, must be supported in MNG-compliant viewers, at least to the degree that fully opaque pixels are opaque and fully transparent ones are transparent. It is recommended that alpha data from the tRNS chunk be fully supported in the same manner as alpha data from an RGBA image or a JNG with an alpha channel contained in IDAT chunks. The tRNS chunk is not present (or can be ignored because it has no effect on the appearance of any frame) if bit 3 of the simplicity profile is 0.

Other PNG ancillary chunks
Ancillary chunks other than PNG tRNS can be ignored, and do not even have to be recognized.

Color management
It is highly recommended that decoders support at least the gAMA chunk to allow platform-independent color rendering.

6.3. Optional JNG chunk support

Bit 4 of the simplicity profile can be used to promise that JNG chunks are not present. Viewers that choose not to support JNG can check this bit before deciding to proceed. MNG-LC decoders are not required to support JNG.

JHDR, JDAT, IDAT, JDAA, JSEP, IEND
All JNG critical chunks must be fully supported. All values of color_type, bit_depth, compression_method, filter_method and interlace_method must be supported (interlacing, as in PNG, need not necessarily be displayed on-the-fly; the image can be displayed after it is fully decoded). The alpha-channel must be supported, at least to the degree that fully opaque pixels are opaque and fully transparent ones are transparent. It is recommended that alpha be fully supported.

JNG ancillary chunks
All JNG ancillary chunks can be ignored, and do not even have to be recognized.

JNG image sample depth
Only image_sample_depth=8 must be supported. The JSEP chunk must be recognized and must be used by minimal decoders to select the eight-bit version of the image, when both eight-bit and twelve-bit versions are present, as indicated by image_sample_depth=20 in the JHDR chunk. When image_sample_depth=12, minimal decoders are not obligated to display anything. Such decoders can choose to display nothing or an empty rectangle of the width and height specified in the JHDR chunk.

7. Recommendations for Encoders

The following recommendations do not form a part of the specification.

7.1. Use a common color space

It is a good idea to use a single color space for all of the layers in an animation, where speed and fluidity are more important than exact color rendition. This is best accomplished by defining a single color space at the top level of MNG, using and either an sRGB chunk or the gAMA and cHRM chunks and perhaps the iCCP chunk, and removing any color space chunks from the individual images after converting them to the common color space.

When the encoder converts all images to a single color space before putting them in the MNG datastream, this will allow decoders to improve the speed and consistency of the display.

For single-frame MNG datastreams, however, where decoding speed is less important and exact color rendition might be more important, it is best to leave the images in their original color space, as recommended in the PNG specification, to avoid any loss of data due to conversion, and to retain the individual color space chunks if the images have different color spaces.

7.2. Use the right framing mode

Always use framing mode 1 or 2 when all of the images are opaque. This avoids unnecessary screen clearing, which can cause flickering.

7.3. Immediate frame sync point

If it is necessary to establish a synchronization point immediately, this can be done by using two consecutive FRAM chunks, the first setting a temporary interframe_delay=0, timeout, and sync_id, and the second establishing the synchronization point:

   FRAM 2 0 1 1 0 1 0000 timeout sync_id
   FRAM 0 name

8. Recommendations for Decoders

8.1. Using the simplicity profile

The simplicity profile in the MHDR chunk can be ignored or it can be used for

8.2. Decoder handling of fatal errors

When a fatal error is encountered, such as a bad CRC or an unknown critical MNG chunk, minimal viewers should simply abandon the MNG datastream.

8.3. Decoder handling of interlaced images

Decoders are required to be able to interpret datastreams that contain interlaced PNG images, but are only required to display the completed frames; they are not required to display the images as they evolve. Viewers that are decoding datastreams coming in over a slow communication link might want to do that, but MNG authors should not assume that the frames will be displayed in other than their final form.

8.4. Decoder handling of palettes

When a PLTE chunk is received, it only affects the display of the PNG datastream that includes or inherits it. Decoders must take care that it does not retroactively affect anything that has already been decoded.

If a frame contains two or more images, the PLTE chunk in one image does not affect the display of the other.

A composite frame consisting only of indexed-color images should not be assumed to contain 256 or fewer colors, since the individual palettes do not necessarily contain the same set of colors.

8.5. Behavior of single-frame viewers

Viewers that can only display a single frame must display the first frame that they encounter.

8.6. Clipping

MNG-LC provides three types of clipping, in addition to any clipping that might be required due to the physical limitations of the display device.

Frame width and frame height
The frame_width and frame_height are defined in the MHDR chunk and cannot be changed by any other MNG chunk.

Decoders can use these parameters to establish the size of a window in which to display the MNG frames. When the frame_width or frame_height exceeds the physical dimensions of the display hardware, the contents of the area outside those dimensions is undefined. If a viewer chooses, it can create "scroll bars" or the like, to enable persons to pan and scroll to the offscreen portion of the frame. If this is done, then the viewer is responsible for maintaining and updating the offscreen portion of the frame.

In the case of a MNG datastream that consists of a PNG or JNG datastream, with the PNG or JNG signature, the frame_width and frame_height are defined by the width and height fields of the IHDR (or JHDR) chunk.

Subframe clipping boundaries
The subframe clipping boundaries are optionally defined in the FRAM chunk, and cannot be changed within a subframe. When the framing mode is 3 or 4, viewers must, prior to displaying each subframe, clear the area within the subframe clipping boundaries to the background color, thus creating a separate layer at the beginning of each subframe. Viewers must not change any pixels outside the subframe boundaries; encoders must be able to rely on the fact that the part of the display that is outside the subframe clipping boundaries (but inside the area defined by frame_width and frame_height) will remain on the display from frame to frame without being explicitly redisplayed.

Image clipping boundaries
The image clipping boundaries are defined in the DEFI chunk. They are associated with individual objects, not with the subframes, and they can be changed within a subframe. They are useful for exposing only a portion of an image in a frame.

The clipping boundaries are expressed in pixels, measured rightward and downward from the frame origin.

The left and top clipping boundaries are inclusive and the right and bottom clipping boundaries are exclusive, i.e., the pixel located at {x,y} is only displayed if the pixel falls within the physical limits of the display hardware and all of the following are true:

   0       <= x < frame_width   (from the MHDR chunk)
   0       <= y < frame_height
   Left_fb <= x < right_fb      (from the FRAM chunk)
   Top_fb  <= y < bottom_fb
   Left_cb <= x < right_cb      (from the DEFI chunk)
   Top_cb  <= y < bottom_cb

9. Miscellaneous Topics

9.1. File name extension

On systems where file names customarily include an extension signifying file type, the extension .mng is recommended for MNG (including MNG-LC) files. Lowercase .mng is preferred if file names are case-sensitive. The extension .jng is recommended for JNG files.

10. Revision History

10.1. Version 0.98

Released 01 October 2000

Added the MAGN chunk. This was approved by a formal vote. Caution: there were errors in the interpolation formula for MAGN (unbalanced parentheses, "+m" was "+1"") in the proposal that was voted upon; those errors have been fixed in this public release.

Added JPEG-encoded alpha channel in JNG and Delta-PNG datastreams, stored in a new JDAA chunk. This was approved by a formal vote.

Added a "stored objects" flag to promise that even when "complex MNG features" are present, it is not necessary to create object buffers. This proposal was approved by a formal vote.

Separated the "transparency" profile bit into "transparency", "semitransparency", and "background transparency", and adds discussion of "background transparency" to the BACK and FRAM chunk specifications. This proposal was approved by a formal vote.

Added a "validity" flag to maintain backward compatibility of the simplicity profile. If it is zero, then the "background transparency", "semitransparency", and "stored objects" flags do not make any promises.

Global sRGB nullifies global gAMA and cHRM, and vice versa.

It is permitted to change the potential visibility, location, and clipping boundaries of "frozen" objects, provided that the encoder writes chunks to restore them to their "frozen" values prior to the end of the segment.

Added a note that top-level color-space chunks do not have any effect on already-decoded objects.

Added terminology entries for "animation", "framing rate", "interpolation", "iteration", "replication", and "nullify".

URLs were changed to "libpng.org".

Instances of "mpng-list" were updated to "mng-list".

Revised the MNG-LC and MNG-VLC definitions to include the possibility of the new transparency flags and the new validity flag being set.

Added two examples related to the MAGN chunk.

10.2. Version 0.97

Released 28 February 2000.

Minor editorial changes only.

10.3. Version 0.96

Released 18 July 1999.

The changes that are not simple editorial changes were approved by votes of the PNG Development group that closed 16 July 1999 (pHYg and change to treatment of the pHYs chunk), 14 July 1999 (global bKGD and sBIT) and 25 June 1999 (change to LOOP chunk and treatment of the DEFI chunk and nonviewable objects).

10.4. Version 0.95

Initial public release, approved by the PNG Development Group on 11 May 1999.

11. Security Considerations

Security considerations are addressed in the PNG specification.

Some people may experience epileptic seizures when they are exposed to certain kinds of flashing lights or patterns that are common in everyday life. This can happen even if the person has never had any epileptic seizures. All graphics software and file formats that support animation and/or color cycling make it possible to encode effects that may induce an epileptic seizure in these individuals. It is the responsibility of authors and software publishers to issue appropriate warnings to the public in general and to animation creators in particular.

No known additional security concerns are raised by this format.

12. Appendix: Examples

We use the "#" character to denote commentary in these examples; such comments are not present in actual MNG datastreams.

12.1. Example 1: A single image

The simplest MNG datastream is a single-image PNG datastream. The simplest way to create a MNG from a PNG is:

   copy file.png file.mng

The resulting MNG file looks like:

   \211 P N G \r \n ^z \n  # PNG signature.
   IHDR 720 468 8 0 0 0 0  # Width and Height, etc.
   sRGB 2
   gAMA 45455
   IDAT ...
   IEND

If file.png contains an sRGB chunk and also gAMA and cHRM chunks that are recommended in the PNG specification for "fallback" purposes, you can remove those gAMA and cHRM chunks from file.mng because any MNG viewer that processes the gAMA chunk is also required to recognize and process the sRGB chunk, so those chunks will always be ignored. Any MNG editor that converts the MNG file back to a PNG file is supposed to insert the recommended gAMA and cHRM chunks.

12.2. Example 2: A very simple movie

This example demonstrates a very simple movie, such as might result from directly converting an animated GIF that contains a simple series of full-frame images:

   \212 M N G \r \n ^z \n  # MNG signature.
   MHDR 256 300   # Width and height.
        1         # 1 tick per second.
        5 4 4     # Layers, frames, play time
        1         # MNG-VLC simplicity
   TERM 3 0 120 10   # When done, repeat animation 10 times.
   IHDR ...  IDAT ...  IEND # Four PNG datastreams
   IHDR ...  IDAT ...  IEND # are read and displayed.
   IHDR ...  IDAT ...  IEND
   IHDR ...  IDAT ...  IEND
   MEND

12.3. Example 3: A simple slideshow

   \212 M N G \r \n ^z \n  # MNG signature.
   MHDR 720 468 1 # Width and height, 1 tick per second.
        6 5 5     # Layers, frames, play time.
        1         # Simplicity profile (MNG-VLC)
   FRAM 1 0 2 2 0  2 1 600 0 # Set interframe_delay to 1,
     # timeout to 600 sec, and sync_id list to {0}.
   SAVE
   SEEK "Briefing to the Workforce"
   IHDR ...  IDAT ...  IEND  # DEFI 0, visible, abstract
   SEEK "Outline"            # is implied.
   IHDR ...  IDAT ...  IEND
   SEEK "Our Vision"       IHDR ...  IDAT ...  IEND
   SEEK "Our Mission"      IHDR ...  IDAT ...  IEND
   SEEK "Downsizing Plans" IHDR ...  IDAT ...  IEND
   MEND

12.4. Examples 4-14: Omitted from MNG-LC.

These examples in the full MNG specification use features that are not available in MNG-LC.

12.5. Example 15: Converting a simple GIF animation

Outline of a program to convert simple GIF animations that do not use the "restore-to-previous" disposal method to "simple" MNG (or "MNG-LC") format:

   begin
      write "MHDR" chunk
      Interframe_delay := 0; Previous_mode := 1
      Framing_mode := 1
      if(loops>1) "write TERM 3 0 0 loops"
      write "mandatory BACK" chunk
      for subimage in gif89a file do
         if(interframe_delay != gif_duration) then
            interframe_delay := gif_duration
            write "FRAM 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 interframe_delay 0"
         endif
         if(X_loc != 0 OR Y_loc != 0) then
            write "DEFI 0 0 0 X_loc Y_loc" chunk
         endif
         write "<image>"
         if (gif_disposal_method < 1) then
            /* (none or keep) */
            Framing_mode := 1
         else if (gif_disposal_method == 2) then
            /* (restore background) */
            write "FRAM 4 0 1 0 1 0 0 L R T B"
            Previous_mode := 4; Framing_mode := 1
         else if (gif_disposal_method == 3) then
            /* (restore previous) */
            error ("can't do gif_disposal method = previous.")
         endif
         if(Framing_mode != Previous_mode) then
            write "FRAM Framing_mode" chunk
            Previous_mode := Framing_mode
         endif
      end
      write "MEND" chunk
   end

Where "<image>" represents a PNG datastream containing a GIF frame that has been converted to PNG format.

Caution: if you write such a program, you might have to pay royalties in order to convey it to anyone else.

12.6. Example 16: Counting layers and frames

This demonstrates the determination of the layer-count and frame-count that should be written in the MHDR chunk. For framing_modes 1 and 2, the FRAM chunks themselves don't generate layers. For framing_modes 3 and 4, they do generate layers ("B" for background), and also generate frames if there is no embedded image with which to combine the background layer. Note that every framing_mode creates a "B" layer at the beginning.

Given the following chunk stream:

   MHDR sRGB Fn F I I I F F I I I F F I I I MEND

in which

   Fn represents a FRAM chunk with framing_mode n
   F represents an empty FRAM chunk;
   I represents an embedded image

This table shows the layer count and frame count for each of the four possible values of framing-mode:

   Framing  Layer count                 Frame count
    mode
   
      1     B,I,I,I, I,I,I, I,I,I = 10  BI,I,I, I,I,I, I,I,I =  9
      2     B,I,I,I, I,I,I, I,I,I = 10  BIII,III,III         =  3
      3     3*(B, B,I, B,I, B,I)  = 21  3*(B,BI,BI,BI)       = 12
      4     3*(B,B,I,I,I)         = 15  B,BIII,B,BIII,B,BIII =  6

12.7. Example 17: Storing an icon library

Here is an example of storing a library of icons in a MNG-LC datastream. All of the icons use the same palette, transparency, and colorspace, so these are put in global chunks at the beginning. Empty PLTE chunks in the embedded images are used to import the global palette and transparency data.

   MHDR 96 96 1 6 5 5 11  # Profile 11 is MNG-LC
   sRGB 2                 # Global sRGB
   PLTE ...               # Global PLTE
   tRNS 0                 # Global tRNS
   eXPI 0 "thumbnail"
   IHDR 32 32 ... PLTE IDAT ... IEND
   eXPI 0 "left arrow"
   IHDR 96 96 ... PLTE IDAT ... IEND
   eXPI 0 "right arrow"
   IHDR 96 96 ... PLTE IDAT ... IEND
   eXPI 0 "up arrow"
   IHDR 96 96 ... PLTE IDAT ... IEND
   eXPI 0 "down arrow"
   IHDR 96 96 ... PLTE IDAT ... IEND
   MEND

12.8. Example 18: MAGN methods

This demonstrates the methods used in the MAGN chunk.

Original 3x2 object or embedded image:

   1  9  1
   9 17  9

Magnification method 1, XM = 5, YM = 3. Replicates each pixel 4 additional times in the X direction and 2 additional times in the Y direction; new size is 15x6:

   1  1  1  1  1  9  9  9  9  9  1  1  1  1  1
   1  1  1  1  1  9  9  9  9  9  1  1  1  1  1
   1  1  1  1  1  9  9  9  9  9  1  1  1  1  1
   9  9  9  9  9 17 17 17 17 17  9  9  9  9  9
   9  9  9  9  9 17 17 17 17 17  9  9  9  9  9
   9  9  9  9  9 17 17 17 17 17  9  9  9  9  9
Magnification method 2, XM = 8, YM = 4. Fills the X interval with 7 new pixels and the Y interval with 3 new pixels and interpolates to get pixel values; new size is 17x5:
   1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1
   3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3
   5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 12 11 10  9  8  7  6  5
   7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 14 13 12 11 10  9  8  7
   9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10  9

12.9. Example 19: MAGN chunks and ROI

This example demonstrates the use of MNG to display a region of interest (ROI) at a higher quality than the rest of the frame, and the MAGN chunk to convey a highly-compressed but very lossy image, a drop shadow, and a diagonal gradient background.

   MHDR 600 600 0 5 1 0 19
   # Gradient background
   MAGN 00 00 2 599 
   sRGB 1
   IHDR IDAT IEND <dblue2x2.png>   # 93 bytes
   
   # Drop shadow
   DEFI 0 0 0 52 52
   BASI 512 512 1 4 0 0 0 00 51 51 51 153
   IEND     # 47 bytes Grey-Alpha object
   
   # Main image, with most of the region of interest
   # replaced with a solid rectangle, and reduced to
   # 128x128 dimensions, low quality JPEG compression.
   DEFI 0 0 0 36 36
   MAGN 00 00 2 04 04 06 05 06 05
   JHDR 128 128 10 8 8 0 0 0 0 0
   JDAT <lena_q25_fourth.jpg>      # 2514 bytes
   IEND
   
   # Region of interest, full scale, cropped to
   # dimensions 200x313 at location 192,200,
   # high quality JPEG compression.
   MAGN
   DEFI 0 0 0 228 236
   JHDR 200 312 10 8 8 0 0 0 0 0
   JDAT <lena_face_q65.jpg>        # 8001 bytes
   IEND
   
   MEND

For the particular image used in this example (the 512x512 color Lena from Bragzone [URL]), the resulting 600x600 frame occupies about 2.6 times the file size when written as a simple JNG and about 26 times the file size when written as a simple PNG.

13. Credits

Editor

Contributors

Contributors' names are presented in alphabetical order:

Trademarks

Document source

This document was built from the file mng-master-20001001 on 02 October 2000.

Copyright Notice

Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2000 by: Glenn Randers-Pehrson

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End of MNG-LC Specification.