Internet Engineering Task Force                              T. Harrison
Internet-Draft                                             G. Michaelson
Updates: RFC9286 (if approved)                                     APNIC
Intended status: Standards Track                             J. Snijders
Expires: 11 April 2025                                            Fastly
                                                          8 October 2024


                     RPKI Manifest Number Handling
                 draft-ietf-sidrops-manifest-numbers-02

Abstract

   The Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) makes use of signed
   objects called manifests.  A manifest lists each file that a
   publisher intends to include within an RPKI repository, and can be
   used to detect certain forms of attack against a repository.
   Manifests include a "manifest number" (manifestNumber), which the
   publisher must increment whenever it issues a new manifest, and
   Relying Parties (RPs) are required to verify that a newly-retrieved
   manifest for a given Certification Authority (CA) has a higher
   manifestNumber than the previously-validated manifest.  However, the
   manifestNumber field is 20 octets in length (i.e. not unbounded), and
   no behaviour is specified for when a manifestNumber reaches the
   largest possible value.  This document specifies publisher and RP
   behaviour for this scenario.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 11 April 2025.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.



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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  Manifest Number Handling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  General Repository Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   4.  Operational Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   5.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   6.  Implementation status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   7.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   Appendix A.  Serial Number Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   Appendix B.  Manifest thisUpdate  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   Appendix C.  Certificate Revocation List Numbers  . . . . . . . .   9
   Appendix D.  Walkthrough of the rpki-client implementation  . . .   9
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12

1.  Introduction

   The Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) [RFC6480] makes use of
   signed objects [RFC6488] called manifests [RFC9286].  A manifest
   lists each file that a publisher intends to include within an RPKI
   repository [RFC6481], and can be used to detect certain forms of
   attack against a repository.  Manifests include a "manifest number"
   (manifestNumber), which the publisher must increment whenever it
   issues a new manifest, and Relying Parties (RPs) are required to
   verify that a newly-retrieved manifest for a given Certification
   Authority (CA) has a higher manifestNumber than the previously-
   validated manifest (see Section 4.2.1 of [RFC9286]).











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   However, the manifestNumber field is 20 octets in length (i.e. not
   unbounded), and no behaviour is specified for when a manifestNumber
   reaches the largest possible value (2^159-1), which means that a
   publisher can no longer make use of a given CA certificate when that
   value is reached.  (For the purposes of [RFC9286], a "CA" is
   represented by a CA certificate with a stable location and a stable
   private key.  Reissuing a CA certificate with changed resources or a
   changed expiry date does not change the identity of the CA such that
   the stored manifestNumber for the CA is reset, for example.)

   While it is practically impossible for a publisher to reach the
   largest possible value under normal operating conditions (it would
   require that the publisher issue one manifest per second for
   23,171,956,451,847,141,650,870 quintillion years), there is a chance
   that it could be reached due to bugs in the issuance or publication
   systems or incorrect/inadvertent use of those systems.  For example:

      Incrementing by large values when issuing manifests, such that the
      time to reach that largest value is reduced.

      Reissuing new manifests in an infinite delay-free loop, such that
      the manifestNumber increases by a large value in a comparatively
      short period of time.

      Inadvertently setting the manifestNumber to the largest possible
      value, such that the publisher will no longer be able to publish
      usable manifests for that repository.

   These scenarios might also arise in combination and be more severe as
   a result: for example, a large manifest number increment bug in
   conjunction with a manifest reissuance loop problem.

   For a subordinate CA, the risk of repository invalidation due to this
   problem can be addressed by the publisher simply using the key
   rollover process ([RFC6489]) to get a new CA certificate.  RPs will
   treat this new certificate as though it represents a distinct CA, and
   the manifestNumber can be reset at that point.

   However, this option is not available for RPKI Trust Anchors (TAs).
   If a TA publishes a manifest with the largest-possible manifestNumber
   value, then it is not possible to make use of the TA after that
   point, because the certificate location (stored in the associated
   Trust Anchor Locator (TAL) [RFC8630]) and its private key cannot be
   changed.  Issuing a new TA and distributing the associated TAL to
   clients would involve a large amount of work for TA operators and
   RPs, and there would be a limited degree of RPKI protection by way of
   that TA for the time between the issuance of the problematic manifest
   and the installation of the new TAL for a given client.



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   In order to avoid these problems, this document defines how
   publishers and RPs can handle this scenario in order to facilitate
   ongoing use of an affected repository.

1.1.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119] [RFC8174].

2.  Manifest Number Handling

   For a given CA, an RP MUST NOT reject a new manifest issued by that
   CA on the basis of it not having a higher manifestNumber than a
   previously-validated manifest if the new manifest has a different
   filename from that of the previously-validated manifest.  In other
   words, an RP MUST reset its stored manifestNumber for a given CA if
   the CA changes the filename of its manifest.

   With this behaviour, it is possible for a CA to be configured such
   that any time it issues a new manifest, it uses a new filename for
   that manifest.  If a CA were configured in this way, the
   manifestNumber validation set out in Section 4.2.1 of [RFC9286] would
   have no purpose.  To avoid this outcome, CAs SHOULD NOT use new
   filenames for manifests except in situations where it is necessary to
   ensure the ongoing validity of the CA or its repository.  Similarly,
   RP software SHOULD alert its operators when a manifest filename
   changes for a given CA.

   To avoid certain forms of replay attack, the RP MUST verify that the
   URI in the accessLocation in one of the id-ad-signedObject
   accessMethods in the manifest's Subject Information Access (SIA)
   extension exactly matches the URI presented in the RPKI Repository
   Delta Protocol (RRDP) [RFC8182] "publish" element or the path
   presented by remote rsync servers.

   Section 2.2 of [RFC6481] contains non-normative guidance for the
   naming of manifest files in repositories.  While a CA that supports
   the behaviour described in this section cannot preserve the exact
   filename suggested by that text (per Section 2.1 of [RFC4387]), the
   CA SHOULD still ensure that the filename is a value derived from the
   public key of the CA, per the more general guidance in that section.

   A CA specifies its manifest URI by way of an SIA entry with an
   accessMethod of id-ad-rpkiManifest ([RFC6487]).  For the purposes of
   this document, the manifest filename is the final segment of the path
   of the accessLocation URI from that SIA entry.




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   Section 4.8.8.1 of [RFC6487] states that a CA may include in its
   certificate multiple id-ad-rpkiManifest SIA entries.  For
   comparisons, the RP may use the filename from any one of the id-ad-
   rpkiManifest SIA entries in the previously-validated CA certificate.
   If that filename does not appear in any of the id-ad-rpkiManifest SIA
   entries in the CA certificate that is currently being validated, then
   the manifest filename has changed, for the purposes of this section.
   The corollary of this behaviour is that a CA that includes multiple
   id-ad-rpkiManifest SIA entries in its certificate and wants to rely
   on the behaviour defined in this document MUST ensure that none of
   the manifest filenames in the previous CA certificate appear in the
   newly-issued CA certificate.

   Note that the approach set out in this section is different from that
   described in Section 3.2.1 of [RFC8488].

3.  General Repository Handling

   The previous section contains a specific update for the handling of
   manifest numbers, in order to address one potential permanent
   invalidity scenario.  RPs that encounter other permanent invalidity
   scenarios SHOULD also consider how those can be addressed such that
   the scenario does not require the relevant CA or TA to perform a key
   rollover operation.  For example, in the event that an RP recognises
   that a permanent invalidity scenario has occurred, the RP could alert
   the operator and provide an option to the operator to stop relying on
   cached data for the affected repository, so that the CA can rectify
   the problem.

4.  Operational Considerations

   CA software may opt to support the manifest number reset
   functionality in various ways.  For example, it could change the
   manifest filename when the manifestNumber reaches a certain
   threshold, or it could alert the operator in this scenario and
   request confirmation that the filename should be changed.

5.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no actions for IANA.

6.  Implementation status

   This section is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.

   This section records the status of known implementations of the
   protocol defined by this specification at the time of posting of this
   Internet-Draft, and is based on a proposal described in [RFC7942].



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   The description of implementations in this section is intended to
   assist the IETF in its decision processes in progressing drafts to
   RFCs.  Please note that the listing of any individual implementation
   here does not imply endorsement by the IETF.  Furthermore, no effort
   has been spent to verify the information presented here that was
   supplied by IETF contributors.  This is not intended as, and must not
   be construed to be, a catalog of available implementations or their
   features.  Readers are advised to note that other implementations may
   exist.

   According to [RFC7942], "this will allow reviewers and working groups
   to assign due consideration to documents that have the benefit of
   running code, which may serve as evidence of valuable experimentation
   and feedback that have made the implemented protocols more mature.
   It is up to the individual working groups to use this information as
   they see fit".

   *  OpenBSD [rpki-client]

7.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Theo Buehler, Ben Maddison, Rob
   Austein, Tim Bruijnzeels, and Russ Housley for their review and
   feedback on this document.

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC4387]  Gutmann, P., Ed., "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Operational Protocols: Certificate Store
              Access via HTTP", RFC 4387, DOI 10.17487/RFC4387, February
              2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4387>.

   [RFC6487]  Huston, G., Michaelson, G., and R. Loomans, "A Profile for
              X.509 PKIX Resource Certificates", RFC 6487,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6487, February 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6487>.

   [RFC6488]  Lepinski, M., Chi, A., and S. Kent, "Signed Object
              Template for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure
              (RPKI)", RFC 6488, DOI 10.17487/RFC6488, February 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6488>.



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   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8182]  Bruijnzeels, T., Muravskiy, O., Weber, B., and R. Austein,
              "The RPKI Repository Delta Protocol (RRDP)", RFC 8182,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8182, July 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8182>.

   [RFC9286]  Austein, R., Huston, G., Kent, S., and M. Lepinski,
              "Manifests for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure
              (RPKI)", RFC 9286, DOI 10.17487/RFC9286, June 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9286>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-sidrops-rpki-crl-numbers]
              Snijders, J., Maddison, B., and T. Buehler, "Relying Party
              Handling of Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI)
              Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Number Extensions", Work
              in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-sidrops-rpki-crl-
              numbers-00, 10 September 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-sidrops-
              rpki-crl-numbers-00>.

   [RFC1982]  Elz, R. and R. Bush, "Serial Number Arithmetic", RFC 1982,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC1982, August 1996,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1982>.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280>.

   [RFC6480]  Lepinski, M. and S. Kent, "An Infrastructure to Support
              Secure Internet Routing", RFC 6480, DOI 10.17487/RFC6480,
              February 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6480>.

   [RFC6481]  Huston, G., Loomans, R., and G. Michaelson, "A Profile for
              Resource Certificate Repository Structure", RFC 6481,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6481, February 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6481>.








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   [RFC6489]  Huston, G., Michaelson, G., and S. Kent, "Certification
              Authority (CA) Key Rollover in the Resource Public Key
              Infrastructure (RPKI)", BCP 174, RFC 6489,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6489, February 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6489>.

   [RFC7942]  Sheffer, Y. and A. Farrel, "Improving Awareness of Running
              Code: The Implementation Status Section", BCP 205,
              RFC 7942, DOI 10.17487/RFC7942, July 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7942>.

   [RFC8488]  Muravskiy, O. and T. Bruijnzeels, "RIPE NCC's
              Implementation of Resource Public Key Infrastructure
              (RPKI) Certificate Tree Validation", RFC 8488,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8488, December 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8488>.

   [RFC8630]  Huston, G., Weiler, S., Michaelson, G., Kent, S., and T.
              Bruijnzeels, "Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI)
              Trust Anchor Locator", RFC 8630, DOI 10.17487/RFC8630,
              August 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8630>.

   [rpki-client]
              OpenBSD Project, "rpki-client", January 2024,
              <https://www.rpki-client.org/>.

Appendix A.  Serial Number Arithmetic

   Serial number arithmetic [RFC1982] is an approach that has been used
   in the DNS context (among others) to permit the indefinite use of a
   finite number space.  At least in theory, it would be possible to use
   a similar approach with the manifestNumber field as well.

   However, unlike the corresponding DNS context with Start of Authority
   (SOA) resource records, an RPKI CA does not have visibility into or
   control over RPKI RPs generally.  This means that it is not possible
   to select an updated manifestNumber value or to manage the relevant
   state transitions so as to guarantee that all RPs will have valid
   state at the end of the process.  The approach proposed in Section 2
   does not have this problem.











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Appendix B.  Manifest thisUpdate

   The thisUpdate field in the manifest object is of type
   GeneralizedTime, defined in Section 4.1.2.5.2 of [RFC5280].  This
   type has a maximum value of 99991231235959Z (i.e. 31 December 9999
   23:59:59 GMT).  Section 4.2.1 of [RFC9286] requires that "[e]ach RP
   MUST verify that this field value is greater (more recent) than the
   most recent manifest it has validated", so it would appear to be
   subject to the same problem as for manifest numbers.  However, during
   validation, if the RP detects that the current time is not between
   the manifest thisUpdate and nextUpdate values, the RP must treat the
   fetch as a failed fetch.  Therefore, the RP will not cache a manifest
   with a current date far in the future, and the CA can rectify the
   problem here by reissuing the relevant manifest with the correct
   date.

Appendix C.  Certificate Revocation List Numbers

   Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) [RFC5280] are published by RPKI
   CAs so that RPs can determine the set of certificates that has been
   revoked by the CA.  CRLs contain a cRLNumber field, which is similar
   to the manifestNumber field in manifests.  In particular, cRLNumber
   values are limited to 20 octets in length, and the resource
   certificate profile for RPKI [RFC6487] states that "[w]here two or
   more CRLs are issued by the same CA, the CRL with the highest value
   of the "CRL Number" field supersedes all other CRLs issued by this
   CA".  As a result, this field raises repository invalidity issues
   similar to those from the manifest number.  These problems are being
   addressed by way of [I-D.ietf-sidrops-rpki-crl-numbers].

Appendix D.  Walkthrough of the rpki-client implementation

   This section describes the [rpki-client] implementation with regard
   to handling manifest numbers.  The process is composed of multiple
   stages:

   1.  Fetching the manifests and acquiring referenced files

   2.  Preprocessing of the manifests

   3.  Selecting the first candidate manifest

   4.  Matching file names and hashes

   5.  Optionally selecting the second candidate manifest






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D.1.  Stage: Fetching the Manifests and Acquiring Referenced Files

   The RP follows _rpkiNotify_ or _caRepository_ pointers in the
   _SubjectInfoAccess_ extension of valid CA certificates to queue up
   synchronization tasks.

   At the end of this stage the RP has zero, one, or two manifests for a
   given _caRepository_. Depending on the validation status, the RP
   stores files into two locations: _DIR_VALID_ or _DIR_TEMP_.
   _DIR_VALID_ contains objects which were found to be valid (current,
   not revoked, not expired) during the previous validation run, the
   _DIR_TEMP_ location contains files retrieved via RRDP or rsync which
   have not yet been validated, or were rejected by the validation
   process.

   If the remote publication point is unreachable on both RRDP and
   rsync, no purported "new" manifest file will be stored in _DIR_TEMP_.
   It is possible that the _DIR_VALID_ location contains a locally
   cached version of the object from a previous validation run.

D.2.  Stage: preprocessing of the manifests

   Constructing the path and filename based on the _rpkiManifest_ of the
   CA certificate, the RP attempts to open what purportedly are two
   version of the same _.mft_ file in _DIR_TEMP_ and _DIR_VALID_,
   respectively.

   For brevity's sake, the version in _DIR_TEMP_ is associated with a
   data structure named *mft1*, the version in _DIR_VALID_ is associated
   with a data structure named *mft2*.

   Assuming two files exist in the _DIR_TEMP_ and _DIR_VALID_ locations,
   both files are run through a series of checks.  If any check fails,
   that file will be considered ineligible.

   1.   Can the file be opened?

   2.   Can the content of the file be decoded as DER?

   3.   Can the DER-content be parsed as CMS ContentInfo?

   4.   Is the CMS self-signage correct?

   5.   Can exactly one CMS SignerInfo be extracted?

   6.   Is the ContentInfo of the right version?

   7.   Is the SignerInfo of the right version?



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   8.   Does the SignerInfo have the correct signed attributes?

   9.   Does the SignerInfo have the correct digest and signature
        algorithms?

   10.  Does the ContentInfo have the right type of embedded content?

   11.  Does the eContentType match the Content-Type?

   12.  Does the CMS contain zero CRLs?

   13.  Can exactly one X.509 cert be extracted from the SignerInfo?

   14.  Can the notBefore field be extracted from the X.509 cert?

   15.  Can the notAfter field be extracted from the X.509 cert?

   16.  Does the X.509 cert's SKI match the SignerInfo's
        SignerIdentifier?

   17.  Can the AIA be extracted from the X.509 EE?

   18.  Can the AKI be extracted from the X.509 EE?

   19.  Can the SIA be extracted from the X.509 EE?

   20.  Does the SIA Signed Object pathname match the pathname presented
        by the publication point?

   21.  Can the SKI be extracted from the X.509 EE?

   22.  Are the X509 EE's RFC 3779 extensions set to inherit?

   23.  Can the eContent be parsed according to the ASN.1 formal syntax?

   24.  Is the Manifest eContent of the right version?

   25.  Can the manifestNumber be extracted?

   26.  Is the CMS signing-time before the Manifest nextUpdate time?

   27.  Is 'now' not before the Manifest thisUpdate?

   28.  Is 'now' not after the Manifest nextUpdate?

   29.  Is the Manifest nextUpdate not before the Manifest thisUpdate?

   30.  Does a valid certification path from a TA to this EE cert exist?



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   Through the above checks, the *mft1* and *mft2* data structures are
   populated, or marked ineligible.

D.3.  Stage: selecting the first candidate manifest

   Assuming both *mft1* and *mft2* successfully passed through stage 2
   (Appendix D.2), a comparison can be made between *mft1* and *mft2* to
   select the candidate mft for the next stage.

   The RP checks whether the locally cached version *mft2* (from
   _DIR_VALID_) is older in the sense that was issued earlier than
   *mft1* (from _DIR_TEMP_) by comparing the Manifest _thisUpdate_
   timestamp, and has a smaller _manifestNumber_. If both conditions are
   true, the RP will select *mft1* as candidate for stage stage 4
   (Appendix D.4).

   If there was some kind of issue with *mft1*(such as it being older
   than or has the same _thisUpdate_ as *mft2*, or it having a
   _manifestNumber_ which is lower than or equal to *mft2*), the RP
   proceeds with stage 5 (Appendix D.5).

D.4.  Stage: matching file names and hashes for mft1

   The RP will now verify the hash value of each file listed in manifest
   *mft1* matches the value obtained by hashing the file acquired from
   the publication point.  If the computed hash value of a file listed
   on the manifest does not match the hash value contained in the
   manifest, then a _failed fetch_ occurred and the RP proceeds to stage
   5 (Appendix D.5).

   If all the files and hashes matched, *mft1* and its associated files
   are moved from _DIR_TEMP_ to _DIR_VALID_. The manifest handling
   procedure now ends.

D.5.  Optional Stage: matching file names and hashes for mft2

   This stage is only reached if there was an issue with *mft1*.

   The RP will now verify the hash value of each file listed in manifest
   *mft2* matches the value obtained by hashing the file acquired from
   the publication point.  If the computed hash value of a file listed
   on the manifest does not match the hash value contained in the
   manifest, then the _caRepository_ is busted.

Authors' Addresses






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   Tom Harrison
   Asia Pacific Network Information Centre
   6 Cordelia St
   South Brisbane QLD 4101
   Australia
   Email: tomh@apnic.net


   George G. Michaelson
   Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre
   6 Cordelia St
   South Brisbane QLD 4101
   Australia
   Email: ggm@apnic.net


   Job Snijders
   Fastly
   Amsterdam
   Netherlands
   Email: job@fastly.com






























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